Vol 21, No 3 (2024)

The review of the literature, mainly over the last five years, presents current information on the problems of prevention and treatment of surgical site infection (SSI) in acute abdominal surgical pathology (АASP). The article mainly presents information from randomized controlled trials (RCT) and meta-analyses (MA) conducted on their basis, showing the possibility of introducing a number of methods/techniques for diagnosis, prognosis, prevention and treatment of SSI into everyday surgical practice.

The problem of insufficient motor activity is particularly relevant for high school students, which is associated with high academic loads in connection with preparation for the Unified State Exam and admission to university.

The purpose of the study: to study and evaluate the motor activity of high school students of the gymnasium and secondary educational school of Volgograd using the author's questionnaire.

Materials and methods. The study was conducted on the basis of two educational organizations (OO): the Gymnasium №. 10 and the secondary School №. 64 of the Krasnoarmeysky district of Volgograd. The sample consisted of 174 respondents studying in grades 10–11 of two educational institutions: 78 boys and 96 girls.

Results. The motor activity of high school students, both during school hours and extracurricular employment, does not provide opportunities for maximum muscular activity, an increase in the energy potential of adaptation mechanisms. A comparative assessment of the motor activity of high school students studying in secondary school and gymnasium revealed significant differences, which are caused, among other things, by social lifestyle factors.

An analysis of the available literature data allows us to conclude that information about the structure of the auricle is scarce, limited, and sometimes contradictory. There is no information about the constitutional features of the auricle both within the same race and among representatives of different races. There is also little information in the available literature about the correlation between the shape and size of the ear and other anatomical structures of the human body.

The purpose of the study is to determine the numerical parameters of the morphological formations of the auricle and to search for links between ear morphometry and cephalometric indicators within the same race.

Materials and methods. We propose our own method of examining the auricle from a photographic image. The study used 201 photos of the right auricle of boys and girls of Caucasian origin. The areas of individual sectors were determined. A comparison was made between the sectors of the auricle of young men and girls of dolichocephalians.

Results. The areas of the auricle sectors in mm² were determined in boys and girls of dolichocephalians, a gender comparison of the results obtained between individual sectors in the youthful age group of Caucasians was carried out.

Conclusions. Regardless of the gender of dolichocephalians, all sectors are arranged equally in ascending order. For young men, the areas of all sectors have the highest absolute values. Despite the difference in absolute size, the ratios between individual sectors remain in most cases, regardless of gender.

The article presents the results of a sociological study conducted among doctors of public health care institutions to assess the effectiveness of sanitary and anti-epidemic measures, including restrictive measures, carried out during the pandemic of a new coronavirus infection in 2020–2022 in the territory of Volgograd region. The issues of sanitary-anti-epidemic and restrictive measures carried out by citizens, employers, legal entities and individual entrepreneurs providing services to the population, as well as territorial, federal, municipal executive authorities, public organizations are covered. The conducted analysis allowed to formulate practical recommendations on improvement of isolation and restrictive measures at COVID-19 and carrying out of preventive, anti-epidemic measures at occurrence of mass infectious diseases caused by viruses.

Determination of the features of the position of the anterior teeth in physiological occlusion is an urgent task of clinical dentistry and morphology. Purpose. To determine the main variants of the trusive position of the incisors in physiological occlusion and to assess their clinical significance.

Material and methods. The study was retrospective and included the analysis of 116 archival teleradiographs of patients with physiological variants of occlusion. The angle between the teeth was measured between the conditional median verticals of the incisors of the upper and lower jaw. The occlusal line divided the interincisal angle into upper and lower parts. The angle of inclination of the upper incisor to the line N-Se and the angle of inclination of the lower incisor to the mandibular line were measured.

Results and discussion. The results of the study showed that in physiological occlusion, the range of the interincisal angle ranged from 120 to 127°. The upper incisor-occlusal angle in the group averaged (55.1 ± 0.8)°. The lower incisor-occlusal angle in the group averaged (68.4 ± 1.4)°. The data of incisal angles in nine main types of dentoalveolar arches of physiological occlusion are presented.

Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrated variability in the interincisal angle of antagonists and its constituent elements on lateral teleradiographs of the head of patients with physiological occlusion variants. It has been established that a more appropriate method for determining the trusive type of incisors is their inclination to the occlusal plane. With the physiological occlusal status, there may be different positions of the incisors-anagonists according to the trusive type, which must be taken into account when choosing treatment methods and assessing its effectiveness in people with various types of dentalveolar forms of anomalies.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) is a violation of carbohydrate metabolism caused by predominant insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency or a predominant violation of insulin secretion with or without insulin resistance. The pathogenesis of DM2 is associated with systemic sluggish chronic inflammation. The pathogenesis of structural restructuring of perivascular connective tissue in DM remains the subject of close study. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a family of extracellular proteases produced by various cell types. In the vascular wall, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) provide migration, proliferation, pyroptosis and apoptosis of smooth muscle, endothelial and inflammatory cells, determining intima formation and arterial remodeling. Currently, close attention is paid to a new signaling target in diabetes, where inflammation induces caspase-dependent cell death, "pyroptosis", involving Nek7-GBP5 activators to activate NLRP3 inflammasome, destabilizes the structure of parenchymal organs and neovascularization. This mechanism of cell death was called pyroptosis – "death by fire". Pyroptosis – caspase-1 is a dependent inflammatory form of cell death, which leads to the proliferation of microorganisms, host cells with increased absorption or dysfunction of affected cells. Activation of procaspase-1, which is necessary to remove uninformative sites in pre-RNA and the formation of functionally mature molecules of pro-inflammatory cytokines pro-IL-1β and pro-IL-18 occurs in contact with biochemical events with electrostatic interactions, including hydrophobic effect and proteins called inflammasomes. The study of pyroptosis of vascular wall cells and perivacular connective tissue in hyperglycemia can provide important information about the pathogenesis of DM2 and contribute to the search for new therapeutic approaches to treatment.

The diagnostics and treatment of temporomandibular myofascial pain syndrome has been a topical issue in dentistry for many decades. Elimination of muscle dysfunction and associated pain syndrome is a rather complex task, since it is impossible to clearly indicate a predictor factor and prescribe pathogenetic therapy. Often, methods that have neither scientific justification nor evidence of effectiveness are used for treatment. There is no protocol for eliminating myofascial disorders. Physiotherapy is currently widely used, however, there is no unambiguous opinion on the effectiveness of these methods, despite the fact that there are enough studies devoted to physiotherapeutic methods.

The aim of this work was to conduct a comparative analysis of the dynamics of in local blood flow changes and function of the masticatory muscles when stopping muscle hypertonicity (experimental study).

Materials and methods. 30 male Wistar laboratory rats were used for the experiment. Laboratory animals under anesthesia were initially subjected to modeling of muscle spasm, which was relieved by injections of 2 % lidocaine solution and direct ozonation through a nozzle in the area of the masticatory muscles. Laser Doppler flowmetry was used for assessment of the microcirculatory changes in local blood flow, the results of electromyographic study were used for assessment the functional activity of the masticatory muscles, the total biopotential and average amplitude were studied, anthropometric parameters of the masticatory muscle structure were obtained according to ultrasound data, and the structure was studied in the dynamics of treatment. The results were assessed during 14 days of observation.

Results. Positive dynamics were noted in both groups, however, against the background of ozone therapy, restoration of functional activity and the state of local blood flow occurred at a more intensive rate relative to the comparison group. The effectiveness of ozonation for relaxing the masticatory muscles has been proven by functional research methods. However, the issue of using this method in clinical practice as an independent one remains open. It would be advisable to conduct further research on this topic.