Single neurofeedback session (based on IAF) effect on resting state EEG spectral characteristics and effectiveness of alternative uses task performance

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The study is dedicated to the investigation of EEG spectral characteristics during resting states and a creative task performance (Alternative Uses Task, AUT) before and after a single session of neurofeedback (NFB) and sham-NFB training. The study involved 24 adolescents (aged 15–17 years) who were randomly divided into two independent groups both with 12 subjects. The test group (TEST) participated in one session of NFB training based on their own EEG data (power of individual alpha frequency), while the control group (SHAM) participated in one session of sham-NFB training. Spectral power in the Δ (1.5–4 Hz)-, θ (4–8 Hz)-, α1 (8–10 Hz)-, α2 (10–13 Hz)-, β1 (13–18 Hz)-, β2 (18–30 Hz)-bands of the EEG during eyes open and closed resting states, and event-related synchronisation/desynchronisation of the EEG during performance of the alternative use task before and after the NFB/SHAM session were analysed. Prior to the NFB/SHAM sessions, no differences were observed between the groups in the resting state EEG. After the NFB/SHAM session, lower EEG power values in the β2-band were observed in the test group compared to the control group in the eyes-closed condition. There was a decrease in Δ-band EEG power in frontal temporal regions in the eyes-closed condition and an increase in α2-band power in the eyes-open condition after the NFB session compared to a condition before the NFB session. In the control group, no differences in EEG spectral power were observed in the states AFTER vs. BEFORE the SHAM session. Analysis of event-related EEG synchronisation/desynchronisation during the AUT before and after the NFB session revealed no differences between the test and control groups. Intragroup comparisons of AFTER vs. BEFORE NFB/SHAM sessions revealed the following different effects: in the test group, first, EEG desynchronisation in the frequency range 17.5–30 Hz was observed in the frontal regions of the left hemisphere in the interval 220–300 ms after the presentation of the stimulus, and subsequently, there was synchronisation in the θ and low-frequency α electroencephalogram (EEG) ranges (4–9.8 Hz) (in the interval 540–1400 ms) with maximum differences in the frontal regions. The control group was characterised by synchronisation of electroencephalogram (EEG) activity in the higher frequency ranges of 9.5–26 Hz and in the narrower time interval of 520–760 ms in central and frontal electrodes. Consequently, a single NFB session in the test group resulted in changes in EEG spectral power during resting states that were not observed in the control (SHAM) group following sham training, and exhibited precise modulation of the state during creative activity.

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A. Grokhotova

Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the RAS

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: anya.annie@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, St. Petersburg

Zh. Nagornova

Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the RAS

Email: anya.annie@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, St. Petersburg

N. Shemyakina

Sechenov Institute of Evolutionary Physiology and Biochemistry of the RAS

Email: anya.annie@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, St. Petersburg

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2. Fig. 1. Scheme of the physiological part of the study. Fo/Fz – recording of background activity of the electroencephalogram in the state with open/closed eyes; AUT – task for alternative uses (Alternative Uses Task [2]), the numbers 1/2 indicate repetitions of protocols with different stimuli; nBFB/SHAM – session of controlling the power of one’s own α-rhythm/session of controlling someone else’s α-rhythm, “fictitious” training.

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3. Fig. 2. Scheme of the test for the alternative uses test (Alternative Uses Task, AUT). The task had two repetitions (70/80 trials) – one protocol was performed before the nBFB/SHAM session, the other (with other stimuli) – after. After completing the AUT, the subject was asked to assess the sign and degree of expression of the emotions evoked by the task - on a scale from -10 to +10, where "-10" is the most negative emotions, and "+10" is the most positive emotions. The subjects also assessed the difficulty of the task in the range of values (1; 10), where 1 is "very easy" and 10 is "very difficult". The subjects were asked questions about the subjective feeling of the occurrence of the number of "insights" (in percent) and interest in the task on a scale (1-10), where 1 is "low interest", 10 is "high interest in the task".

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4. Fig. 3. Scheme of the comparisons. Fo/Fz - recording of background activity of the electroencephalogram in the state with open/closed eyes; AUT - alternative uses task, the numbers 1/2 indicate repetitions of protocols with different stimuli; nBFB/SHAM – session of controlling the power of one’s own α-rhythm/session of controlling someone else’s α-rhythm, “dummy” training. Group T/Group Sh – test group/control (SHAM) group. I — testing the hypothesis about the absence of differences between the groups in the states of quiet wakefulness with open/closed eyes before nBFB/SHAM sessions; II — testing the hypothesis about the absence of differences between the groups in performing the cognitive task before nBFB/SHAM sessions; III(a, b) — testing the hypotheses a) about changes in spectral power in the states of quiet wakefulness in the test group after one nBFB session and b) about the absence of such changes in the control group after the SHAM session; IV(a, b) — testing of hypotheses a) about changes in spectral power during cognitive task performance in the test group after nBFB session and b) about absence of such changes in the control group after SHAM session; V — testing of hypothesis about differences between groups in states of quiet wakefulness with open/closed eyes after nBFB/SHAM sessions; VI — testing of hypothesis about differences between groups during cognitive task performance after nBFB/SHAM sessions.

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5. Fig. 4. Intergroup differences in electroencephalogram (EEG) power in β2-range with closed eyes after one nBFB/SHAM session. β2 — EEG frequency range (18–30 Hz). The downward triangle at the corresponding lead indicates a lower power value (according to the post-hoc analysis) in the test group compared to the SHAM group after the nBFB/SHAM session.

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6. Fig. 5. Decrease in the spectral power in the Δ-range of the EEG in the test group after one nBFB session (closed eyes). Δ is the frequency range of the EEG (1.5–4 Hz). The downward triangle at the corresponding lead indicates a lower power value in the AFTER nBFB state compared to the BEFORE state.

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7. Fig. 6. Time-frequency difference maps when comparing the event-related synchronization of electroencephalograms (EEG) of the test (A) and control (B) groups during the AUT task AFTER the nBFB/SHAM session compared to BEFORE. Fp1–O2 — electrode positions (according to the 10/20 system), on each graph, the x-axis shows time (ms): one scale division is 200 ms, vertical lines indicate the beginning and end of stimulus presentation (presentation duration is 400 ms); the y-axis shows frequency (Hz). The tone scale corresponds to the difference in EEG power (conventional units). Black color indicates a decrease in power/desynchronization; white color indicates an increase in power/synchronization. ↓ — the beginning of stimulus presentation is 300 ms after the start of the trial.

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