Volume 49, Nº 7 (2023)
TOKAMAKS
The Formation and Stationary Maintenance of Peaked Pressure Profiles in Turbulent Tokamak Plasmas
Resumo
The theoretical model for increasing peaking of radial distribution of plasma thermal energy and plasma energy confinement time improvement due to the formation of current profiles those provide the increased value of the safety factor qb at the outer plasma boundary is considered. The model for the formation and stationary maintenance of the peaked current density profiles those ensure the maintenance of plasma column equilibrium state with increased qb value and conservation of q0=1 at the magnetic axis is developed. The model is based on the significant ramp down of the Iind current maintained by the inductor with simultaneous central ECR heating and electron cyclotron current drive (ECCD) switching on. It is shown by the computer simulations of the self-consistent time evolution of turbulent plasma for the conditions of T-10 and T-15MD tokamaks that in the shot scenarios with three- or four-fold decrease in the Iind current at the ECRH stage of shots it was achieved an approximately two-fold enhancement of the electron and ion temperatures at the axis of the plasma column as compared to the standard shots with the same heating powers.



Canonical and Experimental Plasma Pressure Profiles in Tokamaks
Resumo
The statement that the so-called canonical plasma pressure profile is in good agreement with experimental data was the motivating basis for constructing the analytical model of plasma self-organization in tokamaks. The profiles of the normalized plasma electron pressure taken from the international database collecting the experimental data from different tokamaks are compared with the canonical profiles of two types. The comparison shows that the experimental pressure profiles considerably differ from these canonical profiles.



МАГНИТНЫЕ ЛОВУШКИ
On the Possibility of Achieving Thermonuclear Ignition During Magnetic Compression of High-Temperature Magnetized Plasma by the Current of a Disk Explosive Magnetic Generator
Resumo
One of the directions for achieving thermonuclear ignition is compression of a heated, magnetized plasma by a liner. This concept was developed in the USA at the Z Machine (MagLIF project). To achieve ignition, it is necessary to create a current pulse with an amplitude of 60 MA or higher. The Z Machine produces currents with amplitudes up to 25 MA. The development of more powerful installations is a problem for the future. At the same time, today already, the explosive magnetic generators create the required currents with long current rise times. In this work, based on calculation results of the compression of a hot magnetized plasma, the possibilities of achieving ignition using modern disc explosive magnetic generators are discussed.



PLASMA DYNAMICS
Efficiency of Conversion of the Magnetic Energy into Z-Pinch Radiation of Nested Arrays of Mixed Composition at the Angara-5-1 Facility
Resumo
The results of experiments on the study of the generation of high-power pulsed soft X-ray (SXR) emission with a photon energy higher than 100 eV (in the spectral range with wavelengths λ shorter than 120 Å) during the plasma implosion of nested arrays of mixed composition with different ratios of array radii carried out on a pulse power facility Angara-5-1 with a discharge current level of up to 3.5 MA are presented. The outer array consisted of fibers of a substance with a low atomic number (plastic), and the inner array consisted of a substance with a high atomic number (tungsten, W). In the case of nested arrays of this design, a significant increase in the peak SXR power was obtained compared to single tungsten arrays with the same parameters as for the tungsten array in the inner array. By optimizing the linear mass of the outer array and the ratio of array radii, powerful SXR pulses were prepared with a high pulse power up to 18 TW, pulse energy of ~140 kJ and short pulse duration of ~5 ns. It is shown that by optimizing the linear mass of the outer array (fiber array) it is possible to achieve ~90% conversion of the electromagnetic energy pumped into the vicinity of the array into X-ray emission pinch energy. In this case, the fraction of the kinetic energy of the plasma implosion into the emission energy is not higher than 30%. In shots optimal over the output SXR power, an increase in the fraction of the X-ray emission energy in the spectral range of λ ∈ (30, 40) Å was recorded that is 30–100% than that in single tungsten arrays with similar parameters.



ION AND PLASMA SOURCES
Physical Properties of a Low-Power Helicon Source Operating on a High-Frequency Discharge with a Capacitive Component
Resumo
The results of an experimental study of a low-power RF plasma source placed in a longitudinal magnetic field (helicon thruster), when it operates on a capacitive RF discharge and inductive RF discharges with a capacitive component, are presented. A significant dependence of the characteristics of the ion and electron fluxes of the source on the induction of a constant magnetic field is shown. The fundamental applicability of capacitive RF discharge as a working process in the studied plasma source is demonstrated. It is shown that the increase in the average energy of ions in the flow at the outlet of the source with the appearance of the capacitive component of the discharge is slight.



SPACE PLASMA
Interaction of Relativistic Electrons with Packets of the Electromagnetic Ion Cyclotron Waves of Finite Length and Low Amplitude
Resumo
Interaction of relativistic electrons with packets of the electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves of finite length and low amplitude in the Earth’s radiation belts is analyzed. The variance of the equatorial pitch angle of electrons for wave packets located near the Earth’s geomagnetic equator is estimated analytically within the linear approximation. The analytical estimates agree with the results of numerical test-particle simulation. It is demonstrated that reduction in the packet length extends the interaction range to lower energies beyond the range of resonant energies. Such an interaction can result in precipitation of electrons with energies on the order of several hundred kiloelectronvolts into the ionosphere.



Wave Processes in Dusty Plasma near the Mercury’s Surface
Resumo
Wave processes in dusty plasma near the surface of Mercury are discussed. The near-surface layers of Mercury’s exosphere have a number of common features with those of the exosphere of the Moon, e.g., there are dust particles above the illuminated side of both cosmic bodies that become positively charged due to the photoelectric effect. Mercury has its own magnetosphere that protects the surface from particles of the solar wind. However, the solar wind can reach the surface of the planet near the magnetic poles. Therefore, dust particles of the same size get different charges depending on their localization above the Mercury’s surface. A drift wave turbulence can appear in dusty plasma in the magnetic field near the Mercury’s surface in the presence of gradient of electron concentration. The solar wind that streams at speeds of about 400 km/s relative to plasma near the surface of the planet can induce longitudinal electrostatic oscillations with frequencies determined by the electron plasma frequency. We analyze wave processes taking into account the difference in parameters at aphelion and perihelion of the Mercury’s orbit, along with the fact whether the dust particles are located near the magnetic poles or far from them.



PLASMA DIAGNOSTICS
Контроль процесса плазменной очистки входных зеркал оптических диагностик ИТЭР в тлеющем разряде на постоянном и среднечастотном импульсном токе
Resumo
Внутривакуумные зеркала, используемые в системах оптической диагностики плазмы термоядерных установок, подвержены загрязнению и требуют периодической очистки. Очистку планируется проводить за счет ионного распыления загрязнения с отражающей поверхности в газовом разряде. В работе представлены результаты экспериментального исследования возможности контроля процесса очистки зеркал в тлеющем разряде, локализованном внутри сетчатого полого катода, на постоянном и среднечастотном импульсном токе. Исследованы три независимых метода контроля: по результатам измерения напряжения чистящего разряда при фиксированном токе, на основании измерения частоты возникновения микродуговых привязок при наличии диэлектрических загрязнений и посредством эмиссионной спектроскопии чистящего разряда. Отдельно для подтверждения эффекта очистки представлены результаты измерения спектра отражения зеркала. Показано, что все три способа могут быть использованы в системах очистки. Первый из рассмотренных методов выглядит наиболее перспективным, поскольку не требует дополнительных датчиков, используя только данные, получаемые от источника питания разряда, и применим при очистке как от электропроводящих, так и от тонких диэлектрических загрязнений. Контроль на основе измерения частоты возникновения микродуговых привязок может применяться для переключения между импульсным режимом и режимом постоянного тока при наличии слоистых металл-диэлектрических загрязнений, а также при очистке от локальных диэлектрических загрязнений, сформировавшихся в ходе аварий. Спектроскопический метод контроля обеспечивает наиболее высокую чувствительность и позволяет определить состав загрязнений, однако предъявляет повышенные требования к регистрирующей аппаратуре. Рассмотренные методы могут быть использованы для автоматизации процесса удаления загрязнений в системах плазменной очистки входных диагностических зеркал термоядерных установок, а также для контроля процесса финишной очистки подложек перед вакуумным осаждением покрытий.



LOW TEMPERATURE PLASMA
Исследование кинетики быстрых электронов и параметров плазмы отрицательного свечения тлеющего разряда в гелии пониженного давления
Resumo
Представлены результаты численных исследований кинетики быстрых электронов и параметров плазмы в отрицательном свечении тлеющего разряда в гелии при низком давлении. Показано, что температура электронов в области отрицательного свечения является низкой и составляет десятые доли эВ. В рамках численных расчетов продемонстрировано формирование узких пиков на функции распределения электронов и зависимости дифференциального потока от энергии, связанных с быстрыми электронами, образовавшимися в реакциях пеннинговской ионизации. Результаты численных расчетов подтверждены результатами зондовой диагностики плазмы. Показана возможность определения концентрации возбужденных атомов гелия в плазме отрицательного свечения путем регистрации быстрых электронов, рожденных в результате реакций пеннинговской ионизации.



Articles
Профессору Леониду Ивановичу Рудакову – 90!


