Morphology and some hearing mechanisms of the external ears of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) and humans

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The study of the morphology and auditory mechanisms of the new (evolutionary) external ears of the bottlenose dolphin was continued in the light of the latest morphological and experimental results obtained by the author. For the first time for toothed whales, it has been shown that the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) has three external auditory canals (AC) in the left ear and four in the right ear. However, in contrast to the human AC – located symmetrically on the left and right half of the head, the left and right row of the dolphin AC, having bilateral and rostral-caudal asymmetry, are located at the tip of the rostrum asymmetrically (rostral-ventral). It has been established that the illumination by echo (sound) and shielding by the rostrum and skull of the firsts ACs is fundamentally different from the rest of the ACs, depending on spatial localization of echo (sound). The architecture of the ACs are optimal for the formation of unique signs of echo (sound) localization, and for it in-phase reception by all ACs in the direction of maximum accuracy of hearing localization, without the localization signs, which is fundamentally importance for fine analysis of the echo. In contrast, in human hearing, sound is colored by signs of localization at any position it in space. The mechanisms of localization of echo (sound) and their fundamental difference in dolphins and humans, as well as mechanisms for protecting the dolphin’s hearing from interfering reflections, are considered. It has been established that the auditory mechanisms of the external ears of dolphins and humans are determined by their morphology and functions.

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Sobre autores

V. Ryabov

Federal Research Center “Kovalevsky Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Russian Academy of Sciences”

Autor responsável pela correspondência
Email: ryabofff@inbox.ru

Vyazemsky Karadag Scientific Station—Natural Reserve of Russian Academy of Sciences

Rússia, 298188, Nauki Str. 24, Kurortnoe, Feodosiya

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2. Fig. 1. Skull and lower jaw of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), ventral view. On the left is the location of the PC and MC of the left (L) and right (R) outer ear (a section of the right half of the lower jaw from the symphysis to the joint is shown, and a section of its left half in the symphysis area). On the right is a section in the symphysis area, PC and MC, enlarged. MT – soft tissues and fat pad filling the PC and MC – are attached to the lateral wall of the TP. TP – left and right tympanoperiotic complex (middle and inner ear). X – longitudinal axis.

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3. Fig. 2. Dolphin skull, lateral view, left side. ABC – traveling wave antenna (row PC1-PC3, Fig. 1.) SP1-SP3 – external auditory canals. Profile of SP1 – solid line (profile of PC1 and MC). Orifice of the acoustic horn – caudal opening of the medial wall of the lower jaw bone (dashed line). Acoustic opaque reflector screen – outer posterolateral wall of the lower jaw bone. TP – tympanoperiotic complex. O – longitudinal axis of the animal’s head.

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4. Fig. 3. Lower and upper jaw (rostrum) of the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus), rostral-ventral-lateral view. The location of the visible for this angle SP along the right (R) and left (L) halves of the lower jaw is shown. The areas of the skull located more than 27 cm from the tip of the rostrum are shown with less contrast.

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