The involvement of T1R family receptors expressed outside the oral cavity in the regulation of metabolism

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Abstract

The membrane T1R taste receptor family interacts with sweet substances – carbohydrates, artificial sweeteners and some amino acids. An important result of research in the 21st century was the discovery of abundant expression of these receptors outside of the oral cavity, mainly in cells actively involved in metabolic processes: enteroendocrine cells of the intestine, pancreatic β-cells, adipose and bone tissue, etc. This review integrates and analyzes current data on the role of extraoral T1R receptors in the regulation of metabolism, cell growth and differentiation, which is achieved through modulation of hormone secretion (insulin, GLP-1, GIP), activity of membrane transporters and cell growth and proliferation factors. T1R mediated cellular responses to nutrients, mechanisms of signal transduction, effects on inositol triphosphate, cAMP and intracellular Ca2+ levels, stimulatory effects on glucose transporters SGLT1 and GLUT2, effects on mTOR and hormone secretion are described. The interaction of membrane receptor mechanisms and metabolic detection of glucose by the ATP/ADP ratio in the cell cytoplasm is also discussed. Putative evolutionary adaptation of metabolic processes related to nutrition and manifested in polymorphism of genes encoding T1R proteins is presented. It is suggested that extraoral taste receptors for sweet substances and amino acids may be a target for therapeutic interventions in obesity, hyperglycemia, insulin resistance, and hepatosteatosis.

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About the authors

V. O. Murovets

Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Author for correspondence.
Email: murovetsvo@infran.ru
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 199034

E. A. Sozontov

Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: sozontovea@infran.ru
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 199034

V. A. Zolotarev

Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences

Email: zolotarevva@infran.ru
Russian Federation, Saint Petersburg, 199034

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2. Fig. 1. Scheme of the canonical and non-canonical transduction cascades activated by hetero- and homodimers of membrane taste receptor proteins of the T1R family associated with G-protein subunits: α (gustducin – αgust and others), β and γ. Interaction of taste enzymatic cascades with glucokinase – KATP-dependent metabolic detector of glucose. Designations: AC – adenylate cyclase; Akt – serine/threonine kinase; DAG – diacylglycerol; ERK1/2 – extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2; G6P – glucose-6-phosphate; GCK – glucokinase; GEF-H1 – guanine nucleotide exchange factor H1; GIP – glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide; GLP-1 - glucagon-like peptide 1; GLUT2 - glucose transporter 2; INS - insulin; IP3 - inositol-1,4,5-triphosphate; KATP - ATP-sensitive potassium channel; mTORC1 - mammalian target of rapamycin subunit C1; PDE - phosphodiesterase; PI (4; 5) P2 - phosphatidylinositol-4,5-diphosphate; PI3K - phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase; PKС, PKD - protein kinase C and D; PLCβ2 - phospholipase C-β2; Px1 - pannexin 1 channel; Raptor - regulatory protein of the mTOR complex; Rheb - GTP-binding protein of the Ras gene superfamily; RhoGTPase - serine/threonine GTPase; RSK – ribosomal S6 kinase; SGLT1 – sodium-glucose cotransporter 1; TRPM5 – calcium-dependent non-selective cation channel of alternating voltage; TSC1/2 – tuberin complex with hamartin; tubGTPase – tubulin GTPase; VDCC – voltage-dependent calcium channel.

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