Пульсирующие тепловые трубы и их применение в космической технике

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Рассмотрены двухфазные теплопередающие устройства – пульсирующие тепловые трубы – как перспективные средства обеспечения теплового режима космических аппаратов, более эффективные с точки зрения затрат энергии, чем активные двухфазные системы с механической прокачкой теплоносителя. Несмотря на большое количество экспериментальных работ, в том числе посвященных кратковременной микро- и гипергравитации на параболической траектории и долговременной микрогравитации на орбите Земли, подтверждающих устойчивость режимов работы труб, закономерности их зависимости от тепловой конфигурации (температур испарителя и конденсатора, свойств рабочей жидкости, наличия присадок, коэффициента заполнения, поверхностных свойств трубы, угла наклона при наличии веса жидкости), способность термостабилизировать панели космических аппаратов и точные модели, позволяющие выбирать параметры трубы, находятся в процессе разработки. Поэтому в обзоре большое внимание уделено теоретическим работам: постановкам и методам решения краевых и обратных задач. Решение задач диагностики позволяет определять передаваемый тепловой поток, а задач идентификации – исследовать двухфазный поток по температурным измерениям на поверхности трубы. Показано, что можно применять аддитивные технологии для изготовления пульсирующих труб, изготавливать гибкие трубы и термостабилизированные панели в виде металлических, гибких или композитных пластин с каналами внутри как элементов систем обеспечения теплового режима перспективных космических аппаратов. Приведены экспериментальные работы, подтверждающие работоспособность пульсирующих тепловых труб, заполненных жидкими водородом или кислородом, при криогенных температурах.

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作者简介

О. Алифанов

Московский авиационный институт

编辑信件的主要联系方式.
Email: o.alifanov@yandex.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Москва

А. Викулов

Московский авиационный институт

Email: vikulovag81@gmail.co
俄罗斯联邦, Москва

К. Гончаров

ООО «Научно-производственное объединение «Тепловые агрегаты и системы»

Email: tais@heatpipe.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Москва

А. Ненарокомов

Московский авиационный институт

Email: nenarokomovav@mai.ru
俄罗斯联邦, Москва

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  95. Nagai H., Kanayama T., Daimaru T. Heat Transfer Performance of Oscillating Heat Pipe by Difference of Surface Characteristics // 17th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC). Canpur, India, October 13–17, 2013.
  96. Yamagami K., Fumoto K., Savino R., Kawanami Ts., Inamura T. Heat Transfer Characteristics of Flat Plate Pulsating Heat Pipe Using Self-rewetting Fluids // Joint 18th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 12th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Jeju, Korea, June 12–16, 2016.
  97. Sasa M., Fumoto K., Okabe T., Savino R., Inamura T., Shirota M. Heat Transfer Performance of the Open-loop Micro Pulsating Heat Pipe with Self-rewetting fluids // Joint 19th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 13th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Pisa, Italy, June 10–14, 2018.
  98. Leu Tz.-Sh., Wu Ch.-H. Experimental Studies of Surface Modified Oscillating Heat Pipes // Joint 18th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 12th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Jeju, Korea, June 12–16, 2016.
  99. Betancur L., Mangini D., Facin A., Mantelli M., Paiva K., Coutinho B., Marengo M. Experimental Study of Start-up in a Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipe with Alternating Superhydrophobic Channels // Joint 19th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 13th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS), Pisa, Italy, June 10–14, 2018.
  100. Ayel V., Slobodeniuk M., Sabathé M., Graziani C., Bertossi R., Romestant C., Bertin Y. Flat-plate Pulsating Heat Pipe Tested with Surfactant: Experimental Investigation and Use of Transient Reactivation Phases for the Fluid-wall Heat Transfers Analysis // Joint 20th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 14th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Gelendzhik, Russia, September, 07–10, 2021.
  101. Betancur L., Facin A., Gonçalves P., Paiva K., Mantelli M., Nuernberg G. Study of Diffusion Bonded Flat Plate Closed Loop Pulsating Heat Pipes with Alternating Porous Media // Joint 19th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 13th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Pisa, Italy, June 10–14, 2018.
  102. Odagiri K., Oka Ch., Kondou Ch., Nagano H. Thermo-fluid Dynamics in a Wettability-enhanced Evaporator Based on Microscale Infrared/Visible Observations // Joint 19th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 13th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Pisa, Italy, June 10–14, 2018.
  103. Iwata N., Ogawa H., Fukuda S., Miyazaki Y. Visualization of Oscillating Heat Pipe under Microgravity // 17th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC). Canpur, India, October 13–17, 2013.
  104. Ayel V., Araneo L., Marzorati P., Romestant C., Bertin Y., Marengo M. Visualizations of the Flow Patterns in a Closed Loop Flat Plate PHP with Channel Diameter above the Critical One and Tested under Microgravity // Joint 18th Int. Heat Pipe Conf. (IHPC) and 12th Int. Heat Pipe Symp. (IHPS). Jeju, Korea, June 12–16, 2016.
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2. Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of a pulsating heat pipe: 1 - sealed body, 2 - evaporator, 3 - channel, 4 - condenser, 5 - floating piston, 6 - spring.

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3. Fig. 2. Schematic diagram of a pulsating heat pipe with a closed loop.

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4. Fig. 3. Latent (1) and perceived (2) heat in an evaporator with an adiabatic section 100 mm long.

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5. Fig. 4. Distribution of liquid and vapor in a pipe filled with ethanol.

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6. Fig. 5. Geometric model of a PTT: (a) - elementary cell of a PTT; (b) - diagram of thermal conductivity of oscillating liquid plugs.

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7. Fig. 6. Results of modeling the pressure of vapor bubbles: (a) - without taking into account the formation of bubbles in the evaporator, (b) - taking into account; 1 – liquid plug 1, 2 – 2.

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8. Fig. 7. Contact angles of the liquid plug interface: (a) – static and dynamic angles; (b), (c) – dynamic contact angles for water and glycerin (high-speed camera photograph).

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9. Fig. 8. Geometric model.

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10. Fig. 9. Nodal model.

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11. Fig. 10. Geometric model of the calculated steam volume.

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12. Fig. 11. Scheme of the balance of forces in the liquid volume.

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13. Fig. 12. Thermodynamic cycles of a single steam bubble (a), upper (b) and lower (c) channels.

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14. Fig. 13. General scheme of a multi-pass PTT with closed (a) and open (b) sealed loops.

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15. Fig. 14. Scheme of thermal resistances in the mathematical model.

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16. Fig. 15. Movement of the liquid meniscus along the pipe and formation of a film; the intersection of the film and pipe surfaces corresponds to the coordinate x = 0.

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17. Fig. 16. Geometric models of the meniscus at different wall temperatures: (a) – at the steam saturation temperature Tsat, (b) – Tsat + ΔT.

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18. Fig. 17. General scheme of a single-pass PTT with a closed evaporator and an open condenser: L – liquid, P – steam.

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19. Fig. 18. Frequency distribution as a function of the parameters Nr and NA, calculated for Nd = 1 and Reω0 = 12: the black line is the minimum points of the Nr(ω) curve, calculated at NA = const.

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20. Fig. 19. Distribution of the evaporator wall temperature (1) and liquid (2) depending on time at an input power of 275 W.

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21. Fig. 20. Evolution of the temperature oscillation profile of the evaporator wall (1) and liquid (2) at an input power of 250 W in the horizontal (temperature increase) and lower vertical positions (temperature stabilization).

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22. Fig. 21. Contact angle between ethanol and aluminum surface: (a) – 9.1о, without water-repellent coating; (b) – 59.7о, with water- and oil-repellent coating (DS-5700).

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23. Fig. 22. Dependences of the pressure oscillation amplitude on the empty space coefficient during the operation of the PTT: (a) – Q = 70 W, (b) – 90, (c) – 110; upper row – with coating, lower – without coating.

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24. Fig. 23. Flight segments during the tests: (a) – distribution by altitude, (b) – by gravity level.

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25. Fig. 24. PTT for testing in micro- and hypergravity conditions.

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26. Fig. 25. Temperature distributions over time for PTT (acceleration at the parabola entrance is 1.5g, lower thermal position with an inclination angle of 4.2o, thermal power is 8.8 W, ambient temperature is from 20 to 21oC): (a) - with variable conductivity; (b) - with constant conductivity (valve between PTT and the reservoir); the curves correspond to the points in Fig. 24; G-signal is the input voltage of the signal during microgravity, 5 V.

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27. Fig. 26. The working section of the experimental setup: (a) - diagram, (b) - geometric model.

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28. Fig. 27. Cylindrical jet of liquid sprayed before impact with the wall: (a) - spraying into a two-phase flow with air, (b) - location of thermocouples on the cooling wall.

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