A comprehensive assessment of nicotine dependence using questionnaires and measurements of carbon monoxide concentration in the exhaled air
- 作者: Brimkulov NN1, Vinnikov DV1, Cholurova RA1
-
隶属关系:
- 期: 卷 79, 编号 1 (2004)
- 页面: 53-58
- 栏目: Editorial
- ##submission.dateSubmitted##: 09.04.2020
- ##submission.datePublished##: 15.01.2004
- URL: https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/29768
- ID: 29768
如何引用文章
全文:
详细
Aim. To study nicotine dependence (ND) basing on special questionnaires and measurement of CO concentrations in the exhaled air.
Material and methods. 350 smokers (318 males and 32 females) aged 20-57 years (mean age 37.1 ± 7.3 years) were studied. ND was assessed by Fagerstrom test (FT), motivation to smoke and to quit tests, smoking history and exhaled CO measurement. In addition, respiratory complaints and ventilation parameters such as peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume per 1 sec (FEV1) were measured.
Results. Mean daily cigarette number was 14.2 ± 7.3; smoking duration 16.3 ± 7.8 years and smokers index 170.9 ± 87.8. Smoking women differed from smoking men in ND, PEF% and FEV1% decline as well as CO level. Exhaled CO was 21.1 ± 9.5ppm, on the average, corresponding to moderate dependence. ND and daily cigarette number produced a direct impact on the exhaled CO level. FT findings directly correlated with the number of daily cigarettes and CO level (mean 3.2 ± 2.3). Among motivation to smoke factors was the demand to release tension.
Conclusion. ND varies considerably among smokers by severity. Smoking men and women differ considerably by ND. Along with dependence tests, exhaled CO measurement provides objective verification ofND.
Material and methods. 350 smokers (318 males and 32 females) aged 20-57 years (mean age 37.1 ± 7.3 years) were studied. ND was assessed by Fagerstrom test (FT), motivation to smoke and to quit tests, smoking history and exhaled CO measurement. In addition, respiratory complaints and ventilation parameters such as peak expiratory flow (PEF) and forced expiratory volume per 1 sec (FEV1) were measured.
Results. Mean daily cigarette number was 14.2 ± 7.3; smoking duration 16.3 ± 7.8 years and smokers index 170.9 ± 87.8. Smoking women differed from smoking men in ND, PEF% and FEV1% decline as well as CO level. Exhaled CO was 21.1 ± 9.5ppm, on the average, corresponding to moderate dependence. ND and daily cigarette number produced a direct impact on the exhaled CO level. FT findings directly correlated with the number of daily cigarettes and CO level (mean 3.2 ± 2.3). Among motivation to smoke factors was the demand to release tension.
Conclusion. ND varies considerably among smokers by severity. Smoking men and women differ considerably by ND. Along with dependence tests, exhaled CO measurement provides objective verification ofND.
参考
- Tobacco use - United States, 1900-1999. MMWR Morbid. Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999; 48: 986-993 (Erratum, MMWR Morbid. Mortal Wkly Rep. 1999; 48:1027).
- Department of Health and Human Services. The health benefits of smoking cessation: a report of the Surgeon General. Washington, D. C.: Government Printing Office; 1990. (DHHS publication no. (CDC) 90-8416).
- Мейманалиев Т. С., Бекбасарова Ч. Б. Проблема профилактики и прекращения табакокурения в Кыргызской Республике. Здравоохранение Кыргызстана 1999; 11:3- 11.
- World Health Organization, http://www.who.int/country/kgz/en/.
- WHO European country profiles on tobacco control 2001. Copenhagen: World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe; 2002.
- Dale L. С. Tailoring smoking cessation to your patients' needs. J. Respir. Dis. 1998; 8A(suppl): S43-S49.
- Ross W. S. How to stop smoking permanently. Boston: Little, Brown and Company Inc; 1984.
- Quanjer P. H. Standardized lung function testing. Report of the working party on standardization of lung function tests. European Community for Coal and Steel. Bull. Eur. Physiopathol. Respir. 1983; 19 (suppl. 16): 1-95.
- Berglund E., Birath G., Bjure J. et al. Spirometry studies in normal subjects. I. Forced expirograms in subjects between 7 and 70 years of age. Acta Med. Scand. 1963; 173:185-191.
- Jarvis M. J., Russel M. A., Saloojee Y. Expired air carbon monoxide: a simple breath test of tobacco smoke intake. Br. Med. J. 1980; 281: 484-485.
- Fife С. В., Otto G. В., Koch S. et al. A noninvasive method for rapid diagnosis for carbon monoxide poisoning. The Internet J. Emer. Intens. Med. 2001; 5: 2.
- Jarvis M. J., Belcher M., Vesey C., Hatchison D. C. Low cost carbon monoxide monitors in smoking assessment. Thorax 1986: 41: 886-887.
- Ли X., Weiss S. Т., Rijcken В., Schouten J. P. Smoking and changes in smoking habits with rate of decline in FEV,: new insight into gender differences. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 1056- 1061.
- Chen Y., Home S. L., Dosman J. A. Increased susceptibility to lung dysfunction in female smokers. Am. Rev. Respir. Dis. 1991; 143: 1224-1230.
- Xu X., Dockery D. W., Ware J. H. et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on rate of loss of pulmonary function in adults: a longitudinal assessment. Ibid. 1992; 146: 1345-1348.
- Xu X., Li В., Wang L. Gender difference in smoking effects on adult pulmonary function. Eur. Respir. J. 1994; 7: 477-483.
- Gold D. R., Wang X., Wypij D. et al. Effects of cigarette smoking on lung function in adolescent boys and girls. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 335: 931-937.
- Prescott E., Osier M., Andersen P. K. et al. Mortality in women and men in relation to smoking. Int. J. Epidemiol. 1998; 27: 27-32.
- Prescott E., Bjerg A. M., Andersen P. K. et al. Gender diffe ence in smoking effects on lung function and risk of hospital zation for COPD: results from a Danish longitudinal popul; tion study. Eur. Respir. J. 1997; 10: 822-827.
- Langhammer A., Johnsen R., Holmen J. et al. Cigarette smokir gives more respiratory symptoms among women than amor men. J. Epidemiol. Commun. Hlth 2000; 54: 917-922.
- Key T. J., Pike M. C., Baron J. A. et al. Cigarette smoking an steroid hormones in women. J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Bio 1991; 39: 529-534.
- Balfour D. J. The neurobiology of tobacco dependence: a corr mentary. Respiration 2002; 69 (1): 7-11.
- National Institutes of Health. Global initiative for chronic ot structive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, mar agement, and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary di< ease. NHLB1 Pub No.2701. April 2001.
- Jones H., Garrette В., Griffiths R. Subjective and physiologic: effects of intravenous nicotine and cocaine in cigarette srnok ing cocaine abusers. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1999; 288 (1 188-197.
补充文件
![](/img/style/loading.gif)