<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический архив</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2309-5342</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">90386</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/00403660.2022.03.201412</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Reviews</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Обзоры</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Respiratory diseases and obesity: special phenotype or independent events: Review</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Заболевания органов дыхания и ожирение: особый фенотип или независимые события</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9146-0904</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shchepikhin</surname><given-names>Evgeniy I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Щепихин</surname><given-names>Евгений Игоревич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>аспирант отд. дифференциальной диагностики туберкулеза легких и экстракорпоральных методов лечения</p></bio><email>shhepikhin11@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1908-5601</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Shmelev</surname><given-names>Evgene I.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Шмелев</surname><given-names>Евгений Иванович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д-р мед. наук, проф., гл. науч. сотр. отд. дифференциальной диагностики туберкулеза легких и экстракорпоральных методов лечения</p></bio><email>shhepikhin11@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7155-5730</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zaytseva</surname><given-names>Anna S.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Зайцева</surname><given-names>Анна Сергеевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, ст. науч. сотр. отд. дифференциальной диагностики туберкулеза легких и экстракорпоральных методов лечения</p></bio><email>shhepikhin11@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Central Tuberculosis Research Institute</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Центральный научно-исследовательский институт туберкулеза»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2022-03-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>03</month><year>2022</year></pub-date><volume>94</volume><issue>3</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en"/><issue-title xml:lang="ru"/><fpage>442</fpage><lpage>447</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2021-12-14"><day>14</day><month>12</month><year>2021</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2022, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2022, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2022</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/90386">https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/90386</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>A combination of factors, including Western European eating habits, physical inactivity and genetic predisposition, lead to a dramatic increase in adipose tissue mass. A special place is occupied by abdominal obesity, in which there is an accumulation of adipose tissue in the mesentery of the small intestine and the omentum. Developing in conditions of visceral obesity, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and systemic inflammation are one of the key components of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular diseases, non-alcoholic fatty liver and pancreas disease, polycystic ovary disease, some forms of cancer (breast cancer, endometrial cancer, colonic and direct intestines). At the same time, the pathogenetic role of adipose tissue is not limited to its participation in the formation of the cardiometabolic continuum and oncogenesis. The most important role of metabolically active fat in the pathogenesis of many respiratory diseases is known, including bronchial asthma, obstructive sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension. This paper presents an overview of current data on immunological, pathophysiological and clinical features of the phenotype of the combination of respiratory diseases with overweight and obesity.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Совокупность факторов, среди которых западноевропейские особенности пищевого поведения, гиподинамия и генетическая предрасположенность, приводит к драматическому увеличению массы жировой ткани. Особое место занимает абдоминальное ожирение, при котором происходит аккумуляция жировой ткани в брыжейке тонкой кишки и сальнике. Развивающиеся в условиях висцерального ожирения инсулинорезистентность, дислипидемия и системное воспаление являются одними из ключевых компонентов патогенеза сахарного диабета 2-го типа, кардиоваскулярных заболеваний, неалкогольной жировой болезни печени и поджелудочной железы, поликистоза яичников, некоторых форм онкологических заболеваний (рак молочной железы, эндометрия, толстой и прямой кишки). Вместе с тем патогенетическая роль жировой ткани не ограничивается участием в онкогенезе и формировании кардиометаболического континуума. Установлено участие жировой ткани в патогенезе многих респираторных заболеваний, в числе которых бронхиальная астма, обструктивное апноэ сна и легочная гипертензия. В работе представлен обзор современных данных по иммунологическим, патофизиологическим и клиническим особенностям фенотипа сочетания респираторных заболеваний с избыточной массой тела и ожирением.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>obesity</kwd><kwd>chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</kwd><kwd>asthma</kwd><kwd>inflammation</kwd><kwd>interstitial lung disease</kwd><kwd>Interstitial lung disease</kwd><kwd>metabolic syndrome</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>ожирение</kwd><kwd>хроническая обструктивная болезнь легких</kwd><kwd>астма</kwd><kwd>воспаление</kwd><kwd>интерстициальные заболевания легких</kwd><kwd>интерстициальные заболевания легких</kwd><kwd>метаболический синдром</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>NCD Risk Factor Collaboration (NCD-RisC). Worldwide trends in body-mass index, underweight, overweight, and obesity from 1975 to 2016: A pooled analysis of 2416 population-based measurement studies in 128.9 million children, adolescents, and adults. Lancet. 2017;390:2627-42. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(17)32129-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Недогода С.В., Барыкина И.Н., Саласюк А.С. Национальные клинические рекомендации по ожирению: концепция и перспективы. Вестник Волгоградского государственного медицинского университета. 2017;1(61):134-40 [Nedogoda SV, Barykina IN, Salasyuk AS. National clinical guidelines for obesity: concept and prospects. Vestnik VolGMU. 2017;1(61):134-40 (In Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Brock JM, Billeter A, Müller-Stich BP, Herth F. Obesity and the Lung: What We Know Today. Respiration. 2020;99(10):856-66. DOI:10.1159/000509735</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Gregor MF, Hotamisligil GS. Inflammatory mechanisms in obesity. Annu Rev Immunol. 2011;29:415-45. DOI:10.1146/annurev-immunol-031210-101322</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Makki K, Froguel P, Wolowczuk I. Adipose tissue in obesity-related inflammation and insulin resistance: cells, cytokines, and chemokines. ISRN Inflamm. 2013;2013:139239. DOI:10.1155/2013/139239</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Сhawla A, Nguyen KD, Goh YP. Macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:738-49. DOI:10.1038/nri3071</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>McLaughlin T, Ackerman SE, Shen L, Engleman E. Role of innate and adaptive immunity in obesity-associated metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2017;127:5-13. DOI:10.1172/JCI88876</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Lumeng CN, Saltiel AR. Inflammatory links between obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest. 2011;121(6):2111-17. DOI:10.1172/JCI57132</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Ouchi N, Parker JL, Lugus JJ, Walsh K. Adipokines in inflammation and metabolic disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2011;11:85-97. DOI:10.1038/nri2921</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Kiernan K, MacIver NJ. The Role of the Adipokine Leptin in Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease. Front Immunol. 2021;11:622468. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.622468</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Pham DV, Park PH. Recent insights on modulation of inflammasomes by adipokines: a critical event for the pathogenesis of obesity and metabolism-associated diseases. Arch Pharm Res. 2020;43(10):997-1016. DOI:10.1007/s12272-020-01274-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Chwalba A, Machura E, Ziora K, Ziora D. The role of adipokines in the pathogenesis and course of selected respiratory diseases. Endokrynol Pol. 2019;70(6):504-10. DOI:10.5603/EP.a2019.0051</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Fang H, Judd RL. Adiponectin Regulation and Function. Compr Physiol. 2018;8(3):1031-63. DOI:10.1002/cphy.c170046</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Mattioli B, Straface E, Quaranta MG, et al. Leptin Promotes Differentiation and Survival of Human Dendritic Cells and Licenses Them for Th1 Priming. J Immunol. 2005;174(11):6820. DOI:10.4049/jimmunol.174.11.6820</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Tsiotra PC, Boutati E, Dimitriadis G, Raptis SA. High insulin and leptin increase resistin and inflammatory cytokine production from human mononuclear cells. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:487081. DOI:10.1155/2013/487081</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Frasca D, Blomberg BB. Adipose Tissue Inflammation Induces B Cell Inflammation and Decreases B Cell Function in Aging. Front Immunol. 2017;8:1003. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Song J, Deng T. The Adipocyte and Adaptive Immunity. Front Immunol. 2020;11:593058. DOI:10.3389/fimmu.2020.593058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Marangoni RG, Korman BD, Wei J, et al. Myofibroblasts in murine cutaneous fibrosis originate from adiponectin-positive intradermal progenitors. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2015;67:1062-73. DOI:10.1002/art.38990</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Ohashi K, Parker JL, Ouchi N, et al. Adiponectin promotes macrophage polarization toward an anti-inflammatory phenotype. J Biol Chem. 2010;285:6153-60. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M109.088708</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Mandal P, Pratt BT, Barnes M, et al. Molecular mechanism for adiponectin-dependent M2 macrophage polarization: link between the metabolic and innate immune activity of full-length adiponectin. J Biol Chem. 2011;286:13460-9. DOI:10.1074/jbc.M110.204644</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Lakota K, Wei J, Carns M, et al. Levels of adiponectin, a marker for PPAR-gamma activity, correlate with skin fibrosis in systemic sclerosis: potential utility as biomarker? Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R102. DOI:10.1186/ar3827</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Żółkiewicz J, Stochmal A, Rudnicka L. The role of adipokines in systemic sclerosis: a missing link? Arch Dermatol Res. 2019;311(4):251-63. DOI:10.1007/s00403-019-01893-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Koo P, Gartman EJ, Sethi JM, McCool FD. Physiology in Medicine: physiological basis of diaphragmatic dysfunction with abdominal herniasimplications for therapy. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2015;118:142-7. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00276.2014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Salome CM, King GG, Berend N. Physiology of obesity and effects on lung function. J Appl Physiol. 2010;108:206-11. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.00694.2009</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Mafort TT, Rufino R, Costa CH, Lopes AJ. Obesity: systemic and pulmonary complications, biochemical abnormalities, and impairment of lung function. Multidiscip Respir Med. 2016;11:28. DOI:10.1186/s40248-016-0066-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Dixon AE, Peters U. The effect of obesity on lung function. Expert Rev Respir Med. 2018;12(9):755-67. DOI:10.1080/17476348.2018.1506331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Naimark A, Chernjak RM. Compliance of the respiratory system and its components in health and obesity. J Appl Physiol. 1960;15:377-82. DOI:10.1152/jappl.1960.15.3.377</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Jones RL, Nzekwu MM. The effects of body mass index on lung volumes. Chest. 2006;130(3):827-33. DOI:10.1378/chest.130.3.827</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Malli F, Papaioannou AI, Gourgoulianis KI, Daniil Z. The role of leptin in the respiratory system: an overview. Respir Res. 2010;11(1):152. DOI:10.1186/1465-9921-11-152</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Henson MC, Swan KF, Edwards DE, et al. Leptin receptor expression in fetal lung increases in late gestation in the baboon: a model for human pregnancy. Reproduction. 2004;127(1):87-94. DOI:10.1530/rep.1.00037</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Bruno A, Pace E, Chanez P, et al. Leptin and leptin receptor expression in asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2009;124(2):230-237,237.e1-4. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2009.04.032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Tsuchiya T, Shimizu H, Horie T, Mori M. Expression of leptin receptor in lung: leptin as a growth factor. Eur J Pharmacol. 1999;365(2-3):273-9. DOI:10.1016/s0014-2999(98)00884-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Rajala MW, Scherer PE. Minireview: The adipocyte – at the crossroads of energy homeostasis, inflammation, and atherosclerosis. Endocrinology. 2003;144(9):3765-73. DOI:10.1210/en.2003-0580</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Groeben H, Meier S, Brown RH, et al. The effect of leptin on the ventilatory response to hyperoxia. Exp Lung Res. 2004;30(7):559-70. DOI:10.1080/01902140490489144</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Arteaga-Solis E, Zee T, Emala CW, et al. Inhibition of leptin regulation of parasympathetic signaling as a cause of extreme body weight-associated asthma. Cell Metab. 2013;17(1):35-48. DOI:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.12.004</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Jutant EM, Tu L, Humbert M, et al. The Thousand Faces of Leptin in the Lung. Chest. 2021;159(1):239-48. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2020.07.075</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Park HY, Lim SY, Hwang JH, et al. Lung function, coronary artery calcification, and metabolic syndrome in 4905 Korean males. Respir Med. 2010;104(9):1326-35. DOI:10.1016/j.rmed.2010.02.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Brock JM, Billeter A, Müller-Stich BP, Herth F. Obesity and the Lung: What We Know Today. Respiration. 2020;99(10):856-66. DOI:10.1159/000509735</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hales CM, Carroll MD, Fryar CD, Ogden CL. Prevalence of obesity and severe obesity among adults: United States, 2017–2018. NCHS Data Brief. 2020;(360):1-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017. Lancet. 2018;392(10159):1923-94. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(18)32225-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Dixon AE, Holguin F, Sood A, et al. An official American thoracic society workshop report: obesity and asthma. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2010;7:325-3. DOI:10.1513/pats.200903-013ST</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Camargo CA, Weiss ST, Zhang S, et al. Prospective Study of Body Mass Index, Weight Change, and Risk of Adult-onset Asthma in Women. Arch Intern Med. 1999;159:2582-8. DOI:10.1001/archinte.159.21.2582</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Beuther DA, Sutherland ER. Overweight, obesity, and incident asthma: a meta-analysis of prospective epidemiologic studies. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2007;175(7):661-6. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200611-1717OC. Epub 2007 Jan 18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Brumpton BM, Camargo CA Jr, Romundstad PR, et al. Metabolic syndrome and incidence of asthma in adults: the HUNT study. Eur Respir J. 2013;42(6):1495-502. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00046013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Von Behren J, Lipsett M, Horn-Ross PL, et al. Obesity, waist size and prevalence of current asthma in the California Teachers Study cohort. Thorax. 2009;64(10):889-93. DOI:10.1136/thx.2009.114579. Epub 2009 Aug 25.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Kronander UN, Falkenberg M, Zetterström O. Prevalence and incidence of asthma related to waist circumference and BMI in a Swedish community sample. Respir Med. 2004;98(11):1108-16. DOI:10.1016/j.rmed.2004.03.022</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Dumas O, Varraso R, Gillman MW, et al. Longitudinal study of maternal body mass index, gestational weight gain, and offspring asthma. Allergy. 2016;71:1295-304. DOI:10.1111/all.12876</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Chen Z, Salam MT, Alderete TL, et al. Effects of Childhood Asthma on the Development of Obesity among School-aged Children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:1181-8. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201608-1691OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Silva FMC, Oliveira EE, Gouveia ACC, et al. Obesity promotes prolonged ovalbumin-induced airway inflammation modulating T helper type 1 (Th1), Th2 and Th17 immune responses in BALB/c mice. Clin Exp Immunol. 2017;189(1):47-59. DOI:10.1111/cei.12958</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Rastogi D, Holguin F. Metabolic dysregulation, systemic inflammation, and pediatric obesity-related asthma. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(Suppl. 5):363-7. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201703-231AW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Telenga ED, Tideman SW, Kerstjens HAM, et al. Obesity in asthma: More neutrophilic inflammation as a possible explanation for a reduced treatment response. Allergy. 2012;67:1060-8. DOI:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2012.02855.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Leiria LO, Martins MA, Saad MJA. Obesity and asthma: Beyond TH2 inflammation. Metabolism. 2015;64:172-81. DOI:10.1016/j.metabol.2014.10.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Chapman DG, Berend N, King GG, et al. Increased airway closure is a determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness. Eur Respir J. 2008;32(6):1563-9. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00114007</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Z, Guo Y, Shi H, et al. Shared genetic and experimental links between obesity-related traits and asthma subtypes in UK Biobank. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2020;145:537-49. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2019.09.035</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Melen E, Himes BE, Brehm JM, et al. Analyses of shared genetic factors between asthma and obesity in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2010;126:631-7.e1-8. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.06.030</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Scott HA, Wood LG, Gibson PG. Role of Obesity in Asthma: Mechanisms and Management Strategies. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 2017;17:53. DOI:10.1007/s11882-017-0719-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Dixon AE, Poynter ME. Mechanisms of asthma in obesity. Pleiotropic aspects of obesity produce distinct asthma phenotypes. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol. 2016;54:601-8. DOI:10.1165/rcmb.2016-0017PS</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Bates JHT, Poynter ME, Frodella CM, et al. Pathophysiology to Phenotype in the Asthma of Obesity. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2017;14(Suppl. 5):395-8. DOI:10.1513/AnnalsATS.201702-122AW</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Holguin F, Bleecker ER, Busse WW, et al. Obesity and asthma: an association modified by age of asthma onset. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2011;127:1486-93.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2011.03.036</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Lang JE, Hossain MJ, Lima JJ. Overweight children report qualitatively distinct asthma symptoms: analysis of validated symptom measures. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2015;135:886-93. DOI:10.1016/j.jaci.2014.08.029</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Kim HY, Lee HJ, Chang YJ, et al. Interleukin-17-producing innate lymphoid cells and the NLRP3 inflammasome facilitate obesity-associated airway hyperreactivity. Nat Med. 2014;20(1):54-61. DOI:10.1038/nm.3423</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Trompette A, Gollwitzer ES, Yadava K, et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med. 2014;20(2):159-66. DOI:10.1038/nm.3444</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Sutherland ER, Goleva E, Strand M, et al. Body mass and glucocorticoid response in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178:682-7. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200801-076OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Boulet L-P, Franssen E. Influence of obesity on response to fluticasone with or without salmeterol in moderate asthma. Respir Med. 2007;101:2240-7. DOI:10.1016/j.rmed.2007.06.031</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Ananth S, Navarra A, Vancheeswaran R. Obese, non-eosinophilic asthma: frequent exacerbators in a real-world setting [published online ahead of print, 2021 Oct 28]. J Asthma. 2021;1-9. DOI:10.1080/02770903.2021.1996598</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>GINA Global Initiative for Asthma. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. Updated 2021. Available at: https://ginasthma.org/gina-reports/ Accessed: 23.02.2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Freitas PD, Ferreira PG, Silva AG, et al. The Role of Exercise in a Weight-Loss Program on Clinical Control in Obese Adults with Asthma. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2017;195:32-42. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201603-0446OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Cordova-Rivera L, Gibson PG, Gardiner PA, McDonald VM. A systematic review of associations of physical activity and sedentary time with asthma outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract. 2018;6(6):1968-81.e2. DOI:10.1016/j.jaip.2018.02.027. Epub 2018 Mar 3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Reddy RC, Baptist AP, Fan Z, et al. The Effects of Bariatric Surgery on Asthma Severity. Obes Surg. 2010;21:200-6. DOI:10.1007/s11695-010-0155-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD) – Global Strategy for Prevention, Diagnosis and Management of COPD, 2021. Available at: https://goldcopd.org/ Accessed: 23.02.2022.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Celli BR, Thomas NE, Anderson JA, et al. Effect of pharmacotherapy on rate of decline of lung function in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: results from the TORCH study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2008;178(4):332-84. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200712-1869OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Tashkin DP, Celli B, Senn S, et al. A 4-year trial of tiotropium in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(15):1543-54. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa0805800</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Anzueto A, Wise R, Calverley P, et al. The Tiotropium safety and performance in Respimat(R) (TIOSPIR(R)) trial: spirometry outcomes. Respir Res. 2015;16:107. DOI:10.1186/s12931-015-0269-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Calverley PMA, Anderson JA, Brook RD, et al. Fluticasone furoate, vilanterol, and lung function decline in patients with moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and heightened cardiovascular risk. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2018;197(1):47-55. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201610-2086OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Smulders L, van der Aalst A, Neuhaus EDET, et al. Decreased Risk of COPD Exacerbations in Obese Patients. COPD. 2020;17(5):485-91. DOI:10.1080/15412555.2020.1799963</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Wei YF, Tsai YH, Wang CC, et al. Impact of overweight and obesity on acute exacerbations of COPD – subgroup analysis of the Taiwan Obstructive Lung Disease cohort. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis. 2017;12:2723-9. DOI:10.2147/COPD.S138571</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Wu Z, Yang D, Ge Z, et al. Body mass index of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is associated with pulmonary function and exacerbations: a retrospective real world research. J Thorac Dis. 2018;10(8):5086-99. DOI:10.21037/jtd.2018.08.67</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Sun Y, Milne S, Jaw JE, et al. BMI is associated with FEV1 decline in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis of clinical trials. Respir Res. 2019;20(1):236. DOI:10.1186/s12931-019-1209-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Ora J, Laveneziana P, Ofir D, et al. Combined effects of obesity and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease on dyspnea and exercise tolerance. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2009;180(10):964-71. DOI:10.1164/rccm.200904-0530OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>Ora J, Laveneziana P, Wadell K, et al. Effect of obesity on respiratory mechanics during rest and exercise in COPD. J Appl Physiol (1985). 2011;111(1):10-9. DOI:10.1152/japplphysiol.01131.2010</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Овсянников Е.С. Персонализированный подход к диагностике и лечению хронической обструктивной болезни легких в сочетании с ожирением: дис. … докт. мед. наук. Воронеж, 2020. Режим доступа: https://www.dissercat.com/content/personalizirovannyi-podkhod-k-diagnostike-i-lecheniyu-khronicheskoi-obstruktivnoi-bolezni. Ссылка активна на 23.02.2022 [Ovsiannikov ES. Personalized approach to the diagnosis and treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease in combination with obesity: doctoral dissertation. Voronezh, 2020. Available at: https://www.dissercat.com/content/personalizirovannyi-podkhod-k-diagnostike-i-lecheniyu-khronicheskoi-obstruktivnoi-bolezni. Accessed: 23.02.2022 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Lambert AA, Putcha N, Drummond MB, et al. Obesity is associated with increased morbidity in moderate to severe COPD. Chest. 2017;151(1):68-77. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2016.08.1432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Zewari S, Vos P, van den Elshout F, et al. Obesity in COPD: Revealed and Unrevealed Issues. COPD. 2017;14(6):663-73. DOI:10.1080/15412555.2017.1383978</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Zhou L, Yuan C, Zhang J, et al. Circulating leptin concentrations in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Respiration. 2013;86(6):512-22. DOI:10.1159/000354191</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Hansel NN, Gao L, Rafaels NM, et al. Leptin receptor polymorphisms and lung function decline in COPD. Eur Respir J. 2009;34(1):103-10. DOI:10.1183/09031936.00120408</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Саркоидоз: Монография. Под ред. А.А. Визеля (Серия монографий Российского респираторного общества; Гл. ред. серии А.Г. Чучалин). М.: Атмосфера, 2010 [Sarkoidoz: Monografiia. Pod red. AA Vizelia (Seriia monografii Rossiiskogo respiratornogo obshchestva; Gl. red. serii AG Chuchalin). Moscow: Atmosfera, 2010 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Loke WS, Herbert C, Thomas PS. Sarcoidosis: Immunopathogenesis and Immunological Markers. Int J Chronic Dis. 2013;2013:9286. DOI:10.1155/2013/928601</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Grunewald J, Grutters JC, Arkema EV, et al. Sarcoidosis. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2019;5(1):45. DOI:10.1038/s41572-019-0096-x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Gvozdenovic BS, Mihailovic-Vucinic V, Vukovic M, et al. Effect of obesity on patient-reported outcomes in sarcoidosis. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2013;17(4):559-64. DOI:10.5588/ijtld.12.0665</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Cozier YC, Govender P, Berman JS. Obesity and sarcoidosis: consequence or contributor? Curr Opin Pulm Med. 2018;24(5):487-94. DOI:10.1097/MCP.0000000000000503</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Щепихин Е.И., Адамовская Е.Н. Особенности саркоидоза у пациентов с избыточной массой тела и ожирением. Вестник ЦНИИТ. 2021;S1:128-9 [Shchepikhin EI, Adamovskaya EN. The features of sarcoidosis in overweight and obese patients. Bulletin CTRI. 2021;S1:128-9 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.7868/s2587667821050563</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Turner GA, Lower EE, Corser BC, et al. Sleep apnea in sarcoidosis. Sarcoidosis Vasc Diffuse Lung Dis. 1997;14(1):61-4.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Pihtili A, Bingol Z, Kiyan E, et al. Obstructive sleep apnea is common in patients with interstitial lung disease. Sleep Breath. 2013;17:1281-8. DOI:10.1007/s11325-013-0834-3</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Lal C, Medarov BI, Judson MA. Interrelationship between sleep-disordered breathing and sarcoidosis. Chest. 2015;148(4):1105-14. DOI:10.1378/chest.15-0584</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Anderson MR, Kim JS, Allison M, et al. Adiposity and interstitial lung abnormalities in community dwelling adults: the MESA cohort study. Chest. 2021;160(2):582-94. DOI:10.1016/j.chest.2021.03.058</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Jouneau S, Crestani B, Thibault R, et al. Analysis of body mass index, weight loss and progression of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. Respir Res. 2020;21(1):312. DOI:10.1186/s12931-020-01528-4</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Kulkarni T, Yuan K, Tran-Nguyen TK, et al. Decrements of body mass index are associated with poor outcomes of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):e0221905. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0221905</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Jain M, Budinger GR, Lo A, et al. Leptin promotes fibroproliferative acute respiratory distress syndrome by inhibiting peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2011;183(11):1490-8. DOI:10.1164/rccm.201009-1409OC</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Cao M, Swigris JJ, Wang X, et al. Plasma Leptin Is Elevated in Acute Exacerbation of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Mediators Inflamm. 2016;2016:6940480. DOI:10.1155/2016/6940480</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
