<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический архив</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2309-5342</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">679855</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/00403660.2026.01.203508</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>History of medicine</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>История медицины</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Research Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">History of the development of insulin pump therapy technology</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>История развития технологии помповой инсулинотерапии</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0009-8501-9336</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Kazaryan</surname><given-names>Pavel A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Казарян</surname><given-names>Павел Андреевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент VI курса лечебного фак-та Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>paulakazarian@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0009-0002-8009-3771</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Golosov</surname><given-names>Kirill A.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Голосов</surname><given-names>Кирилл Алексеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>студент VI курса лечебного фак-та Института клинической медицины им. Н.В Склифосовского</p></bio><email>paulakazarian@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2147-3061</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Poluboyarinova</surname><given-names>Irina V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Полубояринова</surname><given-names>Ирина Владимировна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>канд. мед. наук, врач-эндокринолог, доц. каф. эндокринологии №1 лечебного фак-та Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского</p></bio><email>paulakazarian@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2504-7468</contrib-id><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fadeev</surname><given-names>Valentin V.</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фадеев</surname><given-names>Валентин Викторович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><address><country country="RU">Russian Federation</country></address><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>чл.-кор. РАН, д-р мед. наук, проф., зав. каф. эндокринологии №1 лечебного фак-та Института клинической медицины им. Н.В. Склифосовского, дир. клиники эндокринологии, врач-эндокринолог</p></bio><email>paulakazarian@gmail.com</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-02-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>02</month><year>2026</year></pub-date><volume>98</volume><issue>1</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">Outpatient care issues and organization of medical care</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">Поликлинические проблемы и организация медицинской помощи</issue-title><fpage>81</fpage><lpage>87</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2025-05-18"><day>18</day><month>05</month><year>2025</year></date><date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2025-11-05"><day>05</day><month>11</month><year>2025</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2026, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2026, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2026</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/679855">https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/679855</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>The twentieth century marked a golden age for endocrinology, particularly in the methods used to treat type 1 diabetes mellitus. One of the most significant advancements during this period was the development of the insulin pump. This technology, which initially adhered to the original principles and goals of diabetes management, has undergone a remarkable evolution. The transition from large, impractical devices that were suitable only for research in clinical settings, and often associated with complications, to portable, user-friendly, and safe devices has been substantial. This evolution has facilitated the integration of insulin pumps into everyday clinical practice. A detailed examination of the journey from the first prototype of the insulin pump to the models developed by the early 1990s illustrates how researchers overcame numerous challenges. Their efforts laid the groundwork for contemporary understandings of pump insulin therapy and the realization of the aspiration for an artificial pancreas.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Двадцатый век стал золотым веком развития эндокринологии, в том числе и методов терапии сахарного диабета 1-го типа. Одним из значимых открытий стала разработка инсулиновой помпы. Эта технология, придерживаясь изначальных принципов и целей, прошла заметную эволюцию. От достаточно крупных непрактичных устройств, доступных только для исследований в клиниках и с риском развития осложнений, постепенно удалось перейти к портативным, удобным и безопасным вариантам, что позволило интегрировать их в повседневную клиническую практику. При более подробном рассмотрении пути от первого прототипа устройства до инсулиновых помп, созданных к началу 1990-х годов, можно увидеть, как исследователи преодолели множество препятствий и заложили основу для современных представлений о помповой инсулинотерапии и осуществления мечты об искусственной поджелудочной железе.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>diabetes mellitus type 1</kwd><kwd>insulin pump therapy</kwd><kwd>history</kwd><kwd>insulin pump</kwd><kwd>insulin therapy</kwd><kwd>history of endocrinology</kwd><kwd>medical equipment</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сахарный диабет 1-го типа</kwd><kwd>помповая инсулинотерапия</kwd><kwd>история</kwd><kwd>инсулиновая помпа</kwd><kwd>инсулинотерапия</kwd><kwd>история эндокринологии</kwd><kwd>медицинская техника</kwd></kwd-group><funding-group/></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Дедов И.И., Шестакова М.В. К столетию открытия инсулина. Сахарный диабет. 2021;24(1):11-6 [Dedov II, Shestakova MV. On the centenary of the insulin discovery. Diabetes mellitus. 2021;24(1):11-6 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.14341/DM12733</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Kesavadev J, Saboo B, Krishna MB, Krishnan G. Evolution of insulin delivery devices: From syringes, pens, and pumps to DIY artificial pancreas. Diabetes Ther. 2020;11(6):1251-69. DOI:10.1007/s13300-020-00831-z</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Булгакова С.В., Долгих Ю.А., Шаронова Л.А., и др. Эволюция лечения сахарного диабета 1 типа. Эндокринология: Новости. Мнения. Обучение. 2023;12(3):46-53 [Bulgakova SV, Dolgikh YuA, Sharonova LA, et al. The evolution of type 1 diabetes care. Endokrinologiya: novosti, mneniya, obuchenie = Endocrinology: News, Opinions, Training. 2023;12(3):46-53 (in Russian)]. DOI:10.33029/2304-9529-2023-12-3-46-53</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Kadish AH. A servomechanism for blood sugar control. Biomed Sci Instrum. 1963;1:171-6. PMID:14174484</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Kadish AH. Automation control of blood sugar a servomechanism for glucose monitoring and control. Trans Am Soc Artif Intern Organs. 1963;9:363-7. PMID:13958209</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Kadish AH. Automation control of blood sugar. I. A servomechanism for glucose monitoring and control. Am J Med Electron. 1964;3:82-6. PMID:14150660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Alsaleh FM, Smith FJ, Keady S, Taylor KM. Insulin pumps: from inception to the present and toward the future. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2010;35(2):127-38. DOI:10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01048.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Slama G, Hautecouverture M, Assan R, Tchobroutsky G. One to five days of continuous intravenous insulin infusion on seven diabetic patients. Diabetes. 1974;23(9):732-8. DOI:10.2337/diab.23.9.732</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Fogt EJ, Dodd LM, Jenning EM, Clemens AH. Development and evaluation of a glucose analyzer for a glucose controlled insulin infusion system (Biostator). Clin Chem. 1978;24(8):1366-72. PMID:679460</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Pfeiffer EF. On the way to the automated (blood) glucose regulation in diabetes: The dark past, the grey present and the rosy future. XII Congress of the International Diabetes Federation, Madrid, 22–28 September 1985. Diabetologia. 1987;30(2):51-65. DOI:10.1007/BF00274572</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Pfeiffer EF, Thum C, Clemens AH. The artificial beta cell – A continuous control of blood sugar by external regulation of insulin infusion (glucose controlled insulin infusion system). Horm Metab Res. 1974;6(5):339-42. DOI:10.1055/s-0028-1093841</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Cobelli C, Renard E, Kovatchev B. Artificial pancreas: Past, present, future. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):2672-82. DOI:10.2337/db11-0654</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Cahill GF Jr, Etzwiler LD, Freinkel N. Editorial: "Control" and diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1976;294(18):1004-5. DOI:10.1056/NEJM197604292941811</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup JC. Banting Memorial Lecture 2014* Technology and diabetes care: Appropriate and personalized. Diabet Med. 2015;32(1):3-13. DOI:10.1111/dme.12613</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Parsons JA, Rothwell D, Sharpe JE. A miniature syringe pump for continuous administration of drugs and hormones: The Mill Hill infuser. Lancet. 1977;1(8002):77-8. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(77)91085-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup JC, Keen H, Parsons JA, Alberti KG. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion: an approach to achieving normoglycaemia. Br Med J. 1978;1(6107):204-7. DOI:10.1136/bmj.1.6107.204</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup JC, Keen H, Stevenson RW, et al. Insulin via continuous subcutaneous infusion. Lancet. 1978;2(8097):988-9. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)92548-5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup J, Keen H, Parsons JA, et al. “Mill Hill Infuser”, the First Portable Insulin Infusion Pump. London, 1976. Available at: https://jstor.org/stable/community.26398038. Accessed: 09.01.2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS, Genel M, Felig P. Reduction to normal of plasma glucose in juvenile diabetes by subcutaneous administration of insulin with a portable infusion pump. N Engl J Med. 1979;300(11):573-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM197903153001101</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Chiasson JL, Ducros F, Poliquin-Hamet M, et al. Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (Mill-Hill Infuser) versus multiple injections (Medi-Jector) in the treatment of insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus and the effect of metabolic control on microangiopathy. Diabetes Care. 1984;7(4):331-7. DOI:10.2337/diacare.7.4.331</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup JC, White MC, Keen H, et al. Long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in diabetics at home. Lancet. 1979;2(8148):870-3. DOI:10.1016/s0140-6736(79)92686-2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mecklenburg RS, Benson JW Jr, Becker NM, et al. Clinical use of the insulin infusion pump in 100 patients with type I diabetes. N Engl J Med. 1982;307(9):513-8. DOI:10.1056/NEJM198208263070901</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Tamborlane WV, Sherwin RS, Genel M, Felig P. Outpatient treatment of juvenile-onset diabetes with a preprogrammed portable subcutaneous insulin infusion system. Am J Med. 1980;68(2):190-6. DOI:10.1016/0002-9343(80)90353-8</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Rentschler C, Nothwehr B. Transmitting insulin: The design and look of insulin delivery devices as technologies of communication. Catalyst Feminism Theory Technoscience. 2021;7(1):1-36. DOI:10.28968/cftt.v7i1.34567</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Diabetesmuseum München. Available at: https://www.diabetesmuseum.de/insulinpumpe/ Accessed: 09.01.2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>The Golden Age of the Insulin Pump. Available at: https://diatribe.org/diabetes-medications/golden-age-insulin-pump. Accessed: 09.01.2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Chlup R, Krystyník O, Mlčák P, et al. Intensive management of type 1 diabetes in adults: One centre experience 1970–2022. Intech Open. 2023;11:1-34. DOI:10.5772/intechopen.108032</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Torrance T, Franklin V, Greene S. Insulin pumps. Arch Dis Child. 2003;88(11):949-53. DOI:10.1136/adc.88.11.949</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Hillson R. Pump patient. Pract Diab. 1984;1(2):22-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Das mylife Ypsopump System. Available at: https://www.diabetiker-th.de/wp-content/uploads/Vortrag-LinneweberSiric-Ypsomed_Mylife-Loop-Programm_Diabsmart_14.12.2021.pdf. Accessed: 09.01.2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>History of company. Available at: https://www.ypsomed.com/en/company/history.html. Accessed: 09.01.2025.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>История создания инсулиновой помпы. Проблемы эндокринологии. 2012;58(2, вып. 2):16-8 [The history of insulin pump development. Problems of Endocrinology. 2012;58(2, issue 2):16-8 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Bode BW, Steed RD, Davidson PC. Reduction in severe hypoglycemia with long-term continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion in type I diabetes. Diabetes Care. 1996;19(4):324-7. DOI:10.2337/diacare.19.4.324</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Pickup J, Mattock M, Kerry S. Glycaemic control with continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion compared with intensive insulin injections in patients with type 1 diabetes: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2002;324(7339):705. DOI:10.1136/bmj.324.7339.705</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Смирнов В.В., Горбунов Г.Е. Система мониторирования глюкозы и инсулиновые помпы. Лечащий врач. 2009;3:31-6 [Smirnov VV, Gorbunov GE. Glucose and insulin pump monitoring system. Lechaschi Vrach. 2009;3:31-6 (in Russian)].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Guilhem I, Leguerrier AM, Lecordier F, et al. Technical risks with subcutaneous insulin infusion. Diabetes Metab. 2006;32(3):279-84. DOI:10.1016/s1262-3636(07)70281-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Chantelau E, Lange G, Sonnenberg GE, Berger M. Acute cutaneous complications and catheter needle colonization during insulin-pump treatment. Diabetes Care. 1987;10(4):478-82. DOI:10.2337/diacare.10.4.478</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Weintrob N, Shalitin S, Phillip M. Why pumps? Continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion for children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes. Isr Med Assoc J. 2004;6(5):271-5. PMID:15151365</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Reynolds LR. Reemergence of insulin pump therapy in the 1990s. South Med J. 2000;93(12):1157-61. PMID:11142448</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
