<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический архив</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2309-5342</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">33747</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/00403660.2019.12.000173</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Editorial article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Передовая статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Hyperuricemia, gout and high cardiovascular risk - how to manage them in clinical practice</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Гиперурикемия, подагра и высокий кардиоваскулярный риск - как ими управлять в клинической практике</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Fomin</surname><given-names>V V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Фомин</surname><given-names>В В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Morosova</surname><given-names>T E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Морозова</surname><given-names>Т Е</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Tsurko</surname><given-names>V V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Цурко</surname><given-names>В В</given-names></name></name-alternatives><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет им. Н.И. Пирогова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2019-12-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>12</month><year>2019</year></pub-date><volume>91</volume><issue>12</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 91, NO12 (2019)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 91, №12 (2019)</issue-title><fpage>75</fpage><lpage>83</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-16"><day>16</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2019, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2019, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2019</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/33747">https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/33747</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>In recent years, the relationship of hyperuricemia and gout with a high risk of cardiovascular disease has been widely discussed. Therefore, it is important to systematically examine patients in order to diagnose comorbidities, among which cardiovascular disease and its complications occupy a leading place and consider mandatory treatment of patients with hyperuricemia and gout with high cardiovascular risk with lowering drugs, which fully reflects the provisions of the latest European recommendations for the management and treatment of patients with gout.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Гиперурикемия, подагра и высокий кардиоваскулярный риск - как ими управлять в клинической практике В последние годы широко обсуждается связь гиперурикемии и подагры с высоким риском кардиоваскулярных болезней. Поэтому важно систематически обследовать пациентов с целью диагностики сопутствующих заболеваний, среди которых сердечно - сосудистая патология и ее осложнения занимают ведущее место, и считать обязательным лечение пациентов с гиперурикемией и подагрой с высоким кардиоваскулярным риском уратснижающими препаратами, что полностью отражает положения последних европейских рекомендаций по ведению и лечению пациентов с гиперурикемией и подагрой.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>uric acid</kwd><kwd>hyperuricemia</kwd><kwd>gout</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular disease</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>мочевая кислота</kwd><kwd>гиперурикемия</kwd><kwd>подагра</kwd><kwd>сердечно сосудистые болезни с гиперурикемией и высоким кардиоваскулярным риском</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Richette P, Doherty M, Pascual E, еt al. EULAR evidence - based recommendations for the management of gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209707</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Zhu Y, Pandya B.J, Choi H.K. Prevalence of gout and hyperuricemia in the US general population: the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2008. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63(10):3136-41. doi: 10.1002/art.30520</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Lin К.С, Lin H.Y, Chou R. The interaction between uric acid level and other risk factors on the development of gout among asymptomatic hyperuricemic men in a prospective study. J Rheumatol. 2000;27(6):1501-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Simkin P.A. The pathogenesis of podagra. Ann Intern Med. 1977;86:230-3.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Компания «ЭГИС» собрала статистику о распространенности гиперурикемии в сочетании с артериальной гипертензией и сопутствующими заболеваниями среди российских пациентов. Поликлиника. Спецвыпуск. 2017;(4):16.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Mazzali M, Hughes J, Kim Y.G, Jefferson J.A, Kang D.H, Gordon K.L, Lan H.Y, Kivlighn S, Johnson R.J. Elevated uric acid increases blood pressure in the rat by a novel crystal - independent mechanism. Hypertension. 2001;38(5):1101-6.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Perez-Pozo S.E, Schold J, Nakagawa T, Sanchez-Lozada L.G, Johnson R.J, Lillo J.L. Excessive fructose intake induces the features of metabolic syndrome in healthy adult men: role of uric acid in the hypertensive response. Int J Obes (Lond). 2010;34(3):454-61.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>De Bosch B.J, Kluth O, Fujiwara H, Schurmann A, Moley K. Early - onset metabolic syndrome in mice lacking the intestinal uric acid transporter SLC2A9. Nat Commun. 2014;5:4642. doi: 10.1038.ncomms5642</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Feig D.I, Kang D.H, Johnson R.J. Uric acid and cardiovascular risk. N Engl J Med. 2008;359(17):1811-21. doi: 10.1056 / NEJMra0800885</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Richette P, Perez-Ruiz F, Doherty M, Jansen T.L, Nuki G, Pascual E, Punzi L, So A.K, Bardin T. Improving cardiovascular and renal out - comes in gout: what should we target? Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2014;10(11):654-61. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2017.04.008</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Andres M, Quintanilla M.A, Sivera F, Sanchez-Paya J, Pascual E, Vela P, Ruiz-Nodar J.M. Silent monosodium urate crystal deposits are associated with severe coronary calcification in asymptomatic hyperuricemia: an exploratory study. Arthritis Rheum. 2016;68(6):1531-9. doi: 10.1002/art.39581</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Saito Y, Nakayama T, Sugimoto K, Fujimoto Y, Kobayashi Y. Relation of lipid content of coronary plaque to level of serum uric acid. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(9):1346-50. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.07.059</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Ando K, Takahashi H, Watanabe T, Daidoji H, Otaki Y, Nishiyama S, Arimoto T, Shishido T, Miyashita T, Miyamoto T, et al. Impact of serum uric acid levels on coronary plaque stability evaluated using integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound in patients with coronary artery disease. J Atheroscler Thromb. 2016;23(8):932-9. doi: 10.5551/jat.33951</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Park J.J, Roudier M.P, Soman D, Mokadam N.A, Simkin P.A. Prevalence of birefringent crystals in cardiac and prostatic tissues, an observational study. BMJ Open. 2014;4(7):e005308. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-005308</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Borghi C, Rosei E.A, Bardin T, Dawson J, Dominiczak A, Kielstein J.T, Manolis A.J, Perez-Ruiz F, Mancia G. Serum uric acid and the risk of cardiovascular and renal disease. J Hypertens. 2015;33(9):1729-41. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000701</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Zhao G, Huang L, Song M, Song Y. Baseline serum uric acid level as a predictor of cardiovascular disease related mortality and al. l - cause mortality: a meta - analysis of prospective studies. Atherosclerosis. 2013;231(1):61-8. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2013.08.023</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Nozue T, Yamamoto S, Tohyama S, Fukui K, Umezawa S, Onishi Y, Kunishima T, Hibi K, Terashima M, Michishita I. Correlations between serum uric acid and coronary atherosclerosis before and during statin therapy. Coron Artery Dis. 2014;25(4):343-8. doi: 10.1097/MCA.0000000000000084</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Tamariz L, Hernandez F, Bush A, Palacio A, Hare J.M. Association between serum uric acid and atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11(7):1102-8. doi: 10.1016/j/hrthm.2014.04.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Kim S.Y, Guevara J.P, Kim K.M, Choi H.K, Heitjan D.F, Albert D.A. Hyperuricemia and risk of stroke: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61(7):885-92. doi: 10.1002 / art. 24612</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Harzand A, Tamariz L, Hare J.M. Uric acid, heart failure survival, and the impact of xanthine oxidase inhibition. Congest Heart Fail. 2012;18(3):179-82. doi: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2011.00262.x.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Bardin T, Richette Р. Impact of comorbidities on gout and hyperuricemia: an updated on prevalence and treatment options. BMC Med. 2017;15:123. doi: 10.1186/s12916-017-0890-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Lyngdoh T, Vuistiner P, Marques-Vidal P, Rousson V, Waeber G, Vollenweider P, Bochud M. Serum uric acid and adiposity: deciphering causality using a bidirectional Mendelian randomization approach. PLoS One. 2012;7(6):e39321. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0039321</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Nitsch D, Molokhia M, Smeeth L, De Stavola B.L, Whittaker J.C, Leon D.A. Limits to causal inference based on Mendelian randomization: a comparison with randomized controlled trials. Am J Epidemiol. 2006;163(5):397-403. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwj062</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Doring A, Gieger C, Mehta D, Gohlke H, Prokisch H, Coassin S, Fischer G, Henke K, Klopp N, Kronenberg F, et al. SLC2A9 influences uric acid concentrations with pronounced sex - specific effects. Nat Genet. 2008;40(4):430-6. doi: 10.1038/ng.107</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Parsa A, Brown E, Weir M.R, Fink J.C, et al. Genotype - based changes in serum uric acid affect blood pressure. Kidney Int. 2012;81(5):502-7. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.414</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Mallamaci F, Testa A, Leonardis D, Tripepi R, Pisano A, Spoto B, Sanguedolce M.C, Parlongo R.M, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. A polymorphism in the major gene regulating serum uric acid associates with clinic SBP and the white - coat effect in a family - based study. J Hypertens. 2014;32(8):1621-8. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000000224</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Mallamaci F, Testa A, Leonardis D, Tripepi R, Pisano A, Spoto B, Sanguedolce M.C, Parlongo R.M, Tripepi G, Zoccali C. A genetic marker of uric acid level, carotid atherosclerosis, and arterial stiffness: a family - based study. Am J Kidney Dis. 2015;65(2):294-302. doi: 10.1038/ki.2011.414</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Palmer T.M, Nordestgaard B.G, Benn M, Tybjaerg-Hansen A, Davey Smith G, Lawlor D.A, Timpson N.J. Association of plasma uric acid with ischaemic heart disease and blood pressure: Mendelian randomisation analysis of two large cohorts. BMJ. 2013;347:f4262. doi: 10.1136/bmj.f4262</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Mc Keigue P.M, Campbell H, Wild S, Vitart V, Hayward C, Rudan I, Wright A.F, Wilson J.F. Bayesian methods for instrumental variable analysis with genetic instruments (‘Mendelian randomization’): example with urate transporter SLC2A9 as an instrumental variable for effect of urate levels on metabolic syndrome. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(3):907-18. doi: 10.1093/ije/dyp397</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kleber M.E, Delgado G, Grammer T.B, Silbernagel G, Huang J, Kramer B.K, Ritz E, Marz W. Uric acid and cardiovascular events: a Mendelian randomization study. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015;26(11):2831-8. doi: 10.1681/ASN.2014070660</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Yan D, Wang J, Jiang F, et al. A causal relationship between uric acid and diabetic macrovascular disease in Chinese type 2 diabetes patients: a Mendelian randomization analysis. Int J Cardiol. 2016;214:194-9. doi: 10.1016 / j. ijcard.2016.03.206</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Yang Q, Kottgen A, Dehghan A, Smith A.V, Glazer N.L, Chen M.H, Chasman D.I, Aspelund T, Eiriksdottir G, Harris T.B, et al. Multiple genetic loci influence serum urate levels and their relationship with gout and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Circ Cardiovasc Genet. 2010;3(6):523-30. doi: 10.1161/CIRCGENETICS.109.934455</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Keenan T, Zhao W, Rasheed A, Ho W.K, Malik R, Felix J.F, Young R, Shah N, Samuel M, Sheikh N, et al. Causal assessment of serum urate levels in cardiometabolic diseases through a Mendelian randomization study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(4):407-16. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.10.086</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Sedaghat S, Pazoki R, Uitterlinden A.G, Hofman A, Stricker B.H, Ikram M.A, Franco O.H, Dehghan A. Association of uric acid genetic risk score with blood pressure: the Rotterdam study. Hypertension. 2014;64(5):1061-6. doi: 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03757Hypertension</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Higgins P, Dawson J, Lees K.R, Mc Arthur K, Quinn T.J, Walters M.R. Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Cardiovasc Ther. 2012;30(4):217-26. doi:10.1111/j.1755-5922.2011.00277.x</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Scheepers L.E, Wei F.F, Stolarz-Skrzypek K, Malyutina S, Tikhonoff V, Thijs L, Salvi E, Barlassina C, Filipovsky J, Casiglia E, et al. Xanthine oxidase gene variants and their association with blood pressure and incident hypertension: a population study. J Hypertens. 2016;34(11):2147-54. doi:10.1097/HJH0000000000001077</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Scheepers L.E, Boonen A, Pijnenburg W, Bierau J, Staessen J.A, Stehouwer C.D, Thijs C, Arts I.C. Associations of plasma uric acid and purine metabolites with blood pressure in children: the KOALA Birth Cohort Study. J Hypertens. 2017;35(5):982-93. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001270</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Schmitz B, Brand S.M. Uric acid and essential hypertension: the endothelial connection. J Hypertens. 2016;34(11):2138-9. doi: 10.1097/HJH.0000000000001109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hootman J.M, Helmick C.G. Projections of US prevalence of arthritis and associated activity limitations. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54:226-9. doi: 10.1002/art. 21562</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Kuo C.F, Luo S.F. Gout: risk of premature death in gout unchanged for years. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2017;13(4):200-1. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2017.27</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Culleton B.F, Larson M.G, Kannel W.B, Levy D. Serum uric acid and risk for cardiovascular disease and death: the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med. 1999;131(1):7-13. doi: 10.7326/0003-4819-131-1-199907060-00003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>So A, Thorens B. Uric acid transport and disease. J Clin Invest. 2010;120:1791-9. doi: 10.1172/JCI42344</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Rock K.L, Kataoka H, Lai J.J. Uric acid as a danger signal in gout and its comorbidities. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2013;9:13-23. doi: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.143</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Kumar H.K.V.S, Marwaha V. Chronic Tophaceous Gout. Int J Med Health Sci. 2012;1(1):31-2.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Liu S.C, Xia L, Zhang J, et al. Gout and risk of myocardial infarction: a systematic review and meta - analysis of cohort studies. PLoS ONE. 2015;10:e0134088.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Clarson L.E, Hider S.L, Belcher J, et al. Increased risk of vascular disease associated with gout: a retrospective, matched cohort study in the UK clinical practice research datalink. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:642-7. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205252</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K, Curhan G. Independent impact of gout on mortality and risk for coronary heart disease. Circulation. 2007;116:894-900. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.703389</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Егоров И.В., Хитрик Н.М., Цурко В.В. Функциональное состояние нейтрофилов у пожилых больных хроническим подагрическим артритом в стадии обострения. Клиническая геронтология. 2008;(9):70-1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Perez-Ruiz F, Martinez-Indart L, Carmona L, Herrero-Beites A.M, Pijoan J.I, Krishnan E. Tophaceous gout and high level of hyperuricaemia are both associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):177-82. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202421</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Edwards N.L. The role of hyperuricemia and gout in kidney and cardiovascular disease. Clev Clin J Med. 2008;75:13-6. doi:10.3949/ccjm.75.suppl5.s13</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Johnson R.J, Kang D.H, Feig D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension. 2003;41:1183-90. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000069700.62727.C5</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Briggs A.M, Cross M.J, Hoy D.G, et al. Musculoskeletal Health Conditions Represent a Global Threat to Healthy Aging: A Report for the 2015 World Health Organization World Report on Ageing and Health. Gerontologist. 2016;56(Suppl 2):S243-255. doi: 10.1093/geront/gnw002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Clauw D.J. Diagnosing and treating chronic musculoskeletal pain based on the underlying mechanism(s). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2015;29(1):6-19. doi: 10.1016/j.berh.2015.04.024</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Цурко В.В., Егоров И.В., Елисеева М.В. Подагра у пожилых пациентов, связь с коморбидностью. Практикующий врач сегодня. 2013;(1):2-8.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Kuo C.F, Grainge M.J, Mallen C, Zhang W, Doherty M. Comorbidities in patients with gout prior to and following diagnosis: case - control study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75(1):210-7. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206410</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K, Ford E.S, Li C, Curhan G. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome in patients with gout: the Third National Health and Nutrition Ex - amination Survey. Arthritis Rheum. 2007;57(1):109-15. doi: 10.1002/art.22466</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Clarson L.E, Hider S.L, Belcher J, et al. Increased risk of vascular disease associated with gout: a retrospective, matched cohort study in the UK clinical practice research datalink. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:642-7. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205252</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Елисеев М.С., Новикова А.М. Коморбидность при подагре и гиперурикемии: распространенность, причины, перспективы уратснижающей терапии. Терапевтический архив. 2019;91(5):120-8. doi: 10.26442/00403660.2019. 05.000232</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Krishnan E, Baker J.F, Furst D.E, Schumacher H.R. Gout and the risk of acute myocardial infarction. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(8):2688-96. doi: 10.1002/art.22014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>De Vera M.A, Rahman M.M, Bhole V, Kopec J.A, Choi H.K. Independent impact of gout on the risk of acute myocardial infarction among elderly women: a population - based study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69(6):1162-4. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.122770</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Krishnan E. Gout and the risk for incident heart failure and systolic dysfunction. BMJ Open. 2012;2(1):e000282. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000282</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Richette P, Latourte A, Bardin T. Cardiac and renal protective effects of urate - lowering therapy. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2018;57(suppl 1):i47-i50. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kex432</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Kuo C.F, Grainge M.J, Mallen C, Zhang W, Doherty M. Impact of gout on the risk of atrial fibrillation. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2016;55(4):721-8. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kev418</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Chang K, Yokose C, Tenner C, Oh C, Donnino R, Choy-Shan A, Pike V.C, Shah B.D, Lorin J.D, Krasnokutsky S, et al. Association between gout and aortic stenosis. Am J Med. 2017;130(2):230.e1-8. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2016.09.005</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Stack A.G, Hanley A, Casserly L.F, Cronin C.J, Abdalla A.A, Kiernan T.J, Murthy B.V, Hegarty A, Hannigan A, Nguyen H.T. Independent and conjoint associations of gout and hyperuricaemia with total and cardiovascular mortality. QJM. 2013;106(7):647-58. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hct083</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B66"><label>66.</label><mixed-citation>Schumacher H.R. Jr, Becker M.A, Wortmann R.L, et al. Effects of febuxostat versus allopurinol and placebo in reducing serum urate in subjects with hyperuricemia and gout: a 28-week, phase III, randomized, double - blind, parallel - group trial. Arthritis Rheum. 2008;59:1540-8. doi: 10.1002/art.24209</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B67"><label>67.</label><mixed-citation>Becker M.A, Schumacher H.R. Jr, Wortmann R.L, et al. Febuxostat compared with allopurinol in patients with hyperuricemia and gout. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:2450-61. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050373</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B68"><label>68.</label><mixed-citation>Diaz-Torné C, Perez-Herrero N, Perez-Ruiz F. New medications in development for the treatment of hyperuricemia of gout. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2015;27:164-9. doi:10.1097/BOR.0000000000000146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B69"><label>69.</label><mixed-citation>Edwards N.L, So A. Emerging therapies for gout. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014;40:375-87. doi: 10.1016/j.rdc.2014.01.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B70"><label>70.</label><mixed-citation>Terkeltaub R.A, Furst D.E, Bennett K, et al. High versus low dosing of oral colchicine for early acute gout flare: twenty - four - hour outcome of the first multicenter, randomized, double - blind, placebo - controlled, parallel - group, dose - comparison colchicine study. Arthritis Rheum. 2010;62:1060-8. doi: 10.1002/art.27327</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B71"><label>71.</label><mixed-citation>Stamp L.K, O’Donnell J.L, Zhang M, et al. Using allopurinol above the dose based on creatinine clearance is effective and safe in patients with chronic gout, including those with renal impairment. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:412-21. doi: 10.1002/art.30119</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B72"><label>72.</label><mixed-citation>Stamp L.K, Taylor W.J, Jones P.B, et al. Starting dose is a risk factor for allopurinol hypersensitivity syndrome: a proposed safe starting dose of allopurinol. Arthritis Rheum. 2012;64:2529-36. doi: 10.1002/art.34488</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B73"><label>73.</label><mixed-citation>Hung S.I, Chung W.H, Liou L.B, et al. HLA-B*5801 allele as a genetic marker for severe cutaneous adverse reactions caused by allopurinol. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2005;102:4134-9. doi: 10.1073/pnas.0409500102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B74"><label>74.</label><mixed-citation>Akkineni R, Tapp S, Tosteson A.N.A, et al. Treatment of asymptomatic hyperuricemia and prevention of vascular disease: a decision analytic approach. J Rheumatol. 2014;41(4):739-48. doi: 10.3899/irheum.l21231</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B75"><label>75.</label><mixed-citation>Abeles A.M. Hyperuricemia, gout, and cardiovascular disease: an update. Curr Rheumatol Rep. 2015;17(3):13. doi: 10.1007//sll92601504952</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B76"><label>76.</label><mixed-citation>Lee J.E, Kim Y.G, Choi Y.H, et al. Serum uric acid is associated with microalbuminuria in prehypertension. Hypertension. 2006;47(5):962-7. doi: 10.1161/01.HYP.0000210550.97398x2</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B77"><label>77.</label><mixed-citation>Dalbeth N, Chen P, White M, et al. Impact of bariatric surgery on serum urate targets in people with morbid obesity and diabetes: a prospective longitudinal study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73:797-802. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2013-203970</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B78"><label>78.</label><mixed-citation>Chen J.H, Wen C.P, Wu S.B, et al. Attenuating the mortality risk of high serum uric acid: the role of physical activity underused. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:2034-42. doi:10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205312</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B79"><label>79.</label><mixed-citation>Grimaldi-Bensouda L, Alperovitch A, Aubrun E, Danchin N, Rossignol M, Abenhaim L, Richette P. Impact of allopurinol on risk of myocardial infarction. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74(5):836-42. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202972</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B80"><label>80.</label><mixed-citation>De Abajo F.J, Gil M.J, Rodriguez A, Garcia-Poza P, Alvarez A, Bryant V, Garcia-Rodriguez L.A. Allopurinol use and risk of non - fatal acute myocardial infarction. Heart. 2015;101(9):679-85. doi: 10.1136/heartjnl-2014-306670</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B81"><label>81.</label><mixed-citation>Larsen K.S, Pottegard A, Lindegaard H.M, Hallas J. Effect of allopurinol on cardiovascular outcomes in hyperuricemic patients: a cohort study. Am J Med. 2016;129(3):299-306. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.11.003</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B82"><label>82.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang J, Dierckx R, Mohee K, Clark A.L, Cleland J.G. Xanthine oxidase inhibition for the treatment of cardiovascular disease: an updated systematic review and meta - analysis. ESC Heart Fail. 2017;4(1):40-5. doi: 10.1002/ehf2.12112</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B83"><label>83.</label><mixed-citation>Kok V.C, Horng J.T, Chang W.S, Hong Y.F, Chang T.H. Allopurinol therapy in gout patients does not associate with beneficial cardiovascular outcomes: a population - based matched - cohort study. PLoS One. 2014;9(6):e99102. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0099102</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B84"><label>84.</label><mixed-citation>Borghi C, Tykarski A, Widecka K, et al. Expert consensus for diagnosis and treatment of patient with hyperuricemia and high cardiovascular risk. Cardiol J. 2018;25(5):545-64. doi: 10.5603/CJ.2018.0116</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B85"><label>85.</label><mixed-citation>Keenan R.T, O’Brien W.R, Lee K.H, et al. Prevalence of contraindications and prescription of pharmacologic therapies for gout. Am J Med. 2011;124:155-63. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2010.09.012</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B86"><label>86.</label><mixed-citation>Nidorf S.M, Eikelboom J.W, Budgeon C.A, et al. Low - dose colchicine for secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:404-10. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2012.10.027</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B87"><label>87.</label><mixed-citation>Deftereos S, Giannopoulos G, Raisakis K, et al. Colchicine treatment for the prevention of baremetal stent restenosis in diabetic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61:1679-85. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2013.01.055</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B88"><label>88.</label><mixed-citation>Rothenbacher D, Primatesta P, Ferreira A, et al. Frequency and risk factors of gout flares in a large population - based cohort of incident gout. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2011;50:973-81. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keq363</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B89"><label>89.</label><mixed-citation>Yamanaka H. Gout and hyperuricemia in young people. Curr Opin Rheumatol. 2011;23:156-60. doi: 10.1097/BOR.0b013e3283432d35</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B90"><label>90.</label><mixed-citation>Feig D.I, Soletsky B, Johnson R.J. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure of adolescents with newly diagnosed essential hypertension: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2008;300(8):924-32. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.8.924</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B91"><label>91.</label><mixed-citation>Soletsky B, Feig D.I. Uric acid reduction rectifies prehypertension in obese adolescents. Hypertension. 2012;60(5):1148-56. doi: 10.1001/jama.300.8.924</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B92"><label>92.</label><mixed-citation>Mc Mullan C.J, Borgi L, Fisher N, Curhan G, Forman J. Effect of uric acid lowering on renin - angiotensin - system activation and ambulatory BP: a randomized controlled trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol. 2017;12(5):807-16. doi: 10.2215/CJN.10771016</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B93"><label>93.</label><mixed-citation>Poudel D.R, Karmacharya P, Donato A. Risk of acute gout among active smokers: data from nationwide inpatient sample. Clin Rheumatol. 2016;35(12):3015-8. doi: 10.1007/s10067-016-3415-6</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B94"><label>94.</label><mixed-citation>Gee Teng G, Pan A, Yuan J.M, Koh W.P. Cigarette smoking and the risk of incident gout in a prospective cohort study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2016;68(8):1135-42. doi: 10.1002/acr.22821</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B95"><label>95.</label><mixed-citation>Wang W, Krishnan E. Cigarette smoking is associated with a reduction in the risk of incident gout: results from the Framingham Heart Study original cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2015;54(1):91-5. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/keu304</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B96"><label>96.</label><mixed-citation>Yu T.F, Gutman A.B. Study of the paradoxical effects of salicylate in low, intermediate and high dosage on the renal mechanisms for excretion of urate in man. J Clin Invest. 1959;38(8):1298-315. doi: 10.1172/JCI103905</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B97"><label>97.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y, Neogi T, Chen C, Chaisson C, Hunter D.J, Choi H. Low - dose aspirin use and recurrent gout attacks. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(2):385-90. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202589</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B98"><label>98.</label><mixed-citation>Choi H.K, Soriano L.C, Zhang Y, Rodriguez L.A. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case - control study. BMJ. 2012;344:d8190. doi: 10.1136/bmj.d8190</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B99"><label>99.</label><mixed-citation>Stamp L.K, Barclay M.L, O’Donnell J.L, Zhang M, Drake J, Frampton C, Chapman P.T. Furosemide increases plasma oxypurinol without lowering serum urate - a complex drug interaction: implications for clinical practice. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51(9):1670-6. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes091</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B100"><label>100.</label><mixed-citation>Knake C, Stamp L, Bahn A. Molecular mechanism of an adverse drug - drug interaction of allopurinol and furosemide in gout treatment. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2014;452(1):157-62. doi: 10.1016/j. bbrc.2014.08.068</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B101"><label>101.</label><mixed-citation>Ramsay L.E, Shelton J.R, Harrison I.R. Plasma uric acid and spironolactone response in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1977;4(2):247-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B102"><label>102.</label><mixed-citation>Takahashi S, Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, Tsutsumi Z, Ka T, Fukuchi M. Effects of combination treatment using anti - hyperuricaemic agents with fenofibrate and/or losartan on uric acid metabolism. Ann Rheum Dis. 2003;62(6):572-5.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B103"><label>103.</label><mixed-citation>Mustard J.F, Murphy E.A, Ogryzlo M.A, Smythe H.A. Blood coagulation and platelet economy in subjects with primary gout. Can Med Assoc J. 1963;89:1207-11. PMID: 14084698</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B104"><label>104.</label><mixed-citation>Yang C.Y, Chen C.H, Deng S.T, Huang C.S, Lin Y.J, Chen Y.J, Wu C.Y, Hung S.I, Chung W.H. Allopurinol use and risk of fatal hypersensitivity reactions: a nationwide population - based study in Taiwan. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175(9):1550-7. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.3536</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B105"><label>105.</label><mixed-citation>Perez-Ruiz F, Martínez-Indart L, Carmona L, et al. Tophaceous gout and high level of hyperuricaemia are both associated with increased risk of mortality in patients with gout. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(1):177-82. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-202421</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B106"><label>106.</label><mixed-citation>Bhole V, Krishnan E. Gout and the heart. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2014;40:125-43.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B107"><label>107.</label><mixed-citation>Agarwal V, Hans N, Messerli F.H. Effect of allopurinol on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta - analysis. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2013;15:435-42.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B108"><label>108.</label><mixed-citation>Noman A, Ang D.S, Ogston S, et al. Effect of high - dose allopurinol on exercise in patients with chronic stable angina: a randomised, placebo controlled crossover trial. Lancet. 2010;375:2161-7. doi: 10.1016/SO140-6736(10)60391-1</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B109"><label>109.</label><mixed-citation>Kelkar A, Kuo A, Frishman WH. Allopurinol as a cardiovascular drug. Cardiol Rev. 2011;19:265-71.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B110"><label>110.</label><mixed-citation>Thanassoulis G, Brophy J.M, Richard H, et al. Gout, allopurinol use, and heart failure outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2010;170:1358-64. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2011-000282</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
