<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический архив</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2309-5342</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32814</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/terarkh2018908101-106</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Editorial article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Передовая статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Cardiovascular safety of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in chronic inflammatory rheumatic diseases</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Кардиоваскулярная безопасность применения нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов при хронических воспалительных ревматических заболеваниях</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Zavodovsky</surname><given-names>B V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Заводовский</surname><given-names>Борис Валерьевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., зав. лаб. методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний суставов</p></bio><email>pebma@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Sivordova</surname><given-names>L E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Сивордова</surname><given-names>Лариса Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>к.м.н., в.н.с. лаб. методов лечения и профилактики заболеваний суставов</p></bio><email>seeword@mail.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.B. Zborovsky Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБНУ «Научно-исследовательский институт клинической и экспериментальной ревматологии им. А.Б. Зборовского»</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>90</volume><issue>8</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 90, NO8 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 90, №8 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>101</fpage><lpage>106</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32814">https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32814</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Rheumatic diseases (RD), such as rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriatic arthritis, vasculitis, gout are associated with increase in cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. The main causes of increased cardiovascular risk are inflammatory heart and vascular lesions, accelerated progression of atherosclerosis and side effects of drug therapy. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in clinical practice and are on the list of the most prescribed medications. It is known that NSAIDs have a negative effect on the cardiovascular system (CVS). However NSAIDs may decrease the intensity of inflammation, which is an independent risk risk factor for CVS pathology. Therefore in patients with RD it is theoretically possible to reduce the severity of cardiovascular side effects when using NSAIDs. The article discusses the issues of NSAID’s cardiovascular safety, the molecular mechanisms underlying the negative effect of them on CVS, critically evaluated the results of main studies concerning the cardiovascular safety of NSAIDs in chronic inflammatory diseases.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Ревматические заболевания (РЗ), такие как ревматоидный артрит, системная красная волчанка, анкилозирующий спондилит, псориатический артрит, спондилоартриты, васкулиты, подагра, связаны с увеличением сердечно-сосудистой заболеваемости и смертности. Основными причинами повышения кардиоваскулярного риска являются воспалительные поражения сердца и сосудов, ускоренное прогрессирование атеросклероза на фоне хронического воспаления, а также побочные эффекты медикаментозной терапии. Нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты (НПВП) широко применяются в клинической практике и входят в список наиболее назначаемых лекарственных препаратов, их используют до 30 млн человек ежедневно. Известно, что НПВП обладают негативным влиянием на сердечно-сосудистую систему (ССС). Однако на фоне приема препаратов этой группы также снижается выраженность воспалительного процесса, являющегося независимым фактором риска осложнений со стороны ССС. Поэтому у больных РЗ теоретически возможно снижение выраженности кардиоваскулярных побочных эффектов при применении НПВП. В статье рассматриваются вопросы кардиоваскулярной безопасности НПВП, молекулярные механизмы, лежащие в основе негативного влияния лекарственных средств этой группы на ССС, критически оцениваются опубликованные в научной литературе результаты основных исследований, касающихся кардиоваскулярной безопасности НПВП на фоне хронического воспаления.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>cardiovascular diseases</kwd><kwd>cardiovascular risk</kwd><kwd>rheumatic diseases</kwd><kwd>rheumatoid arthritis</kwd><kwd>systemic lupus erythematosus</kwd><kwd>psoriatic arthritis</kwd><kwd>ankylosing spondylitis</kwd><kwd>chronic inflammation</kwd><kwd>non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>сердечно-сосудистые заболевания</kwd><kwd>кардиоваскулярный риск</kwd><kwd>ревматические заболевания</kwd><kwd>ревматоидный артрит</kwd><kwd>системная красная волчанка</kwd><kwd>псориатический артрит</kwd><kwd>анкилозирующий спондилит</kwd><kwd>хроническое воспаление</kwd><kwd>нестероидные противовоспалительные препараты</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Заводовский Б.В. Влияние нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов на сердечно - сосудистую систему. Кардиология. 2015;55(7):84-88</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Каратеев А.Е., Новикова Д.С., Насонов Е.Л. Новые данные, касающиеся безопасности нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов: представление о «класс - специфическом» высоком кардиоваскулярном риске селективных ингибиторов циклооксигеназы 2 устарело. Научно - практическая ревматология. 2017;55(2):218-223</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Peters M, Symmons D, Mccarey D, Dijkmans B, Nicola P, Kvien T, et al. EULAR evidence - based recommendations for cardiovascular risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2010;69:325-331. doi: 10.1136/ard.2009.113696</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>Peters M, van Halm V, Voskuyl A, Smulders Y, Boers M, Lems W, et al. Does rheumatoid arthritis equal diabetes mellitus as an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease? A Prospective Study. Arthritis Rheum. 2009;61:1571-1579. doi: 10.1002/art.24836</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Nicola P, Maradit-Kremers H, Roger V, Jacobsen S, Crowson C, Ballman K, et al. The risk of congestive heart failure in rheumatoid arthritis: a population - based study over 46 years. Arthritis Rheum. 2005;52:412-420. doi: 10.1002/art.20855</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Середавкина Н.В., Смирнов А.В., Дыдыкина И.С., Решетняк Т.М. Глюкокортикоиды в лечении системной красной волчанки: положительные и отрицательные стороны. Клиницист. 2014;(1):63-70</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Esdaile J.M, Abrahamowicz M, Grodzicky T, Li Y, Panaritis C, et al. Traditional Framingham risk factors fail to fully account for accelerated atherosclerosis in systemic lupus erythematosus. Arthritis Rheum. 2001;44:2331-2337. PMID: 11665973</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Schoenfeld S.R, Kasturi S, Costenbader K.H. The epidemiology of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease among patients with SLE: a systematic review. Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2013;43:77-95. doi: 10.1016/ j.semarthrit.2012.12.002</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Насонов Е.Л., Мазуров В.И., Лила А.М., Эрдес Ш.Ф., Каратеев Д.Е., Верткин А.Л., Зырянов С.К., Дубиков А.И., Фролов М.Ю., Обухова О.В. Резолюция Совещания Экспертов по теме: «Вопросы повышения доступности инновационных методов для пациентов со спондилоартритами». Научно - практическая ревматология. 2017;55(4):457-460. doi: 10.14412/1995-4484-2017-457-459</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Bremander A, Petersson I.F, Bergman S, Englund M. Population - based estimates of common comorbidities and cardiovascular disease in ankylosing spondylitis. Arthritis Care Res. 2011;63:550-556. doi: 10.1002/acr.20408 PMID: 21452267</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Szabo S.M, Levy A.R, Rao S.R, Kirbach S.E, Lacaille D, Cifaldi M, et al. Increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases in individuals with ankylosing spondylitis: a population - based study. Arthritis Rheum. 2011;63:3294-3304. doi: 10.1002/art.30581</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Gabriel S.E. Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality in rheumatoid arthritis. Am J Med. 2008;121:S9-S14. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2008. 06.011</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Goodson N.J, Wiles N.J, Lunt M, Barrett E.M, Silman A.J, Symmons D.P. Mortality in early inflammatory polyarthritis: cardiovascular mortality is increased in seropositive patients. Arthritis Rheum. 2002;46:2010-2019. doi: 10.1002/art.10419</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Wallberg-Jonsson S, Johansson H, Ohman M.L, Rantapaa-Dahlqvist S. Extent of inflammation predicts cardiovascular disease and overall mortality in seropositive rheumatoid arthritis. A retrospective cohort study from disease onset. J Rheumatol. 1999;26:2562-2571. PMID: 10606363.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Павлова А.Б., Ахвердян Ю.Р., Симакова Е.С. и др. Определение адипонектина у работников промышленных предприятий с воспалительными заболеваниями суставов. Медицина труда и промышленная экология. 2013;(1):38-41.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>Hollan I, Meroni P.L, Ahearn J.M, Cohen Tervaert J.W, Curran S, Goodyear C.S, Hestad K.A, Kahaleh B, Riggio M, Shields K, Wasko M.C. Cardiovascular disease in autoimmune rheumatic diseases. Autoimmun Rev. 2013;12:1004-1015. doi: 10.1016/j.autrev.2013.03.013</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Симакова Е.С., Заводовский Б.В., Сивордова Л.Е., Полякова Ю.В., Кравцов В.И., Зборовский А.Б. Прогностическое значение нарушений липидного обмена в патогенезе остеоартроза. Вестник Российской военно - медицинской академии. 2013;2(42):29-32.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Libby P, Ridker P.M, Hansson G.K. Progress and challenges in translating the biology of atherosclerosis. Nature. 2011;473:317-325. doi: 10.1038/nature10146</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Stevens R, Douglas K, Saratzis A, Kitas G. Inflammation and atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis. Expert Rev Mol Med. 2005;7:1-24. doi: 10.1017/S1462399405009154</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Choy E. Understanding the dynamics: pathways involved in the pathogenesis of rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2012;51:v3-11. doi: 10.1093/rheumatology/kes113</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Liao K, Solomon D. Traditional cardiovascular risk factors, inflammation and cardiovascular risk in rheumatoid arthritis. Rheumatology (Oxford). 2013;52:45-52. doi: 10.3899/jrheum.090188</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Mavrogeni S, Spargias K, Markussis V, Kolovou G, Demerouti E, Papadopoulou E, et al. Myocardial inflammation in autoimmune diseases: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance and endomyocardial biopsy. Inflamm Allergy Drug Targets. 2009;8:390-397. PMID: 20025587.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Sandoo A, Kitas G, Carroll D, Veldhuijzen Van Zanten J. The role of inflammation and cardiovascular disease risk on microvascular and macrovascular endothelial function in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a cross - sectional and longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2012;14:R117. doi: 10.1186/ar3847</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Драпкина О.М., Ашихмин Я.И. Воздействие нестероидных противовоспалительных средств и селективных ингибиторов циклооксигеназы-2 на сердечно - сосудистую систему. Российские медицинские вести. 2007;12(3):62-66.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Сивордова Л.Е., Заводовский Б.В., Полякова Ю.В., Ахвердян Ю.Р. Доказательства целесообразности применения эторикоксиба в терапии остеоартроза у пациентов старших возрастных групп. Успехи геронтологии. 2016;29(2):286-290.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Насонов Е.Л., Насонова В.А., редакторы. Ревматология: национальное руководство. Москва: ГЭОТАР-Медиа; 2008. 720 с.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Заводовский Б.В., Сивордова Л.Е., Полякова Ю.В., Ахвердян Ю.Р., Кузнецова М.И., Зборовская И.А. Сравнительная эффективность и безопасность эторикоксиба и мелоксикама в лечении больных гонартрозом. Терапевтический архив. 2016;88:78-81. doi: 10.17116/terarkh 2016881278-81</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Насонов Е.Л., Ивашкин В.Т., Яхно Н.Н., Мартынов А.И., Арутюнов Г.П., Каратеев А.Е., Алексеева Л.И., Чичасова Н.В., Евсеев М.А., Кукушкин М.Л., Лила А.М., Ребров А.П. и др. Проект Национальных клинических рекомендаций (Основные положения) Ассоциации ревматологов России, Российской гастроэнтерологической Ассоциации, Российского общества по изучению боли «Рациональное использование нестероидных противовоспалительных препаратов». Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017;27(5):69-75. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-5-69-75</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Arfe A, Scotti L, Varas-Lorenzo C, et al. Non - steroidal antiinflammatory drugs and risk of heart failure in four European countries: nested case - control study. BMJ. 2016 Sep 28;354:i4857. doi: 10.1136/bmj.i4857</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Bombardier C, Laine L, Reicin A, Shapiro D, Burgos-Argas R, Davis B, Day R, Ferraz M.B, Hawkey C.J, Hochberg M.C, Kvien T.K, Schnitzer T.J; VIGOR Study Group. Comparison of upper gastrointestinal toxicity of rofecoxib and naproxen in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. N Engl J Med. 2000;343(21):1520-1528. doi: 10.1056/NEJM 200011233 432103</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Nussmeier N.A, Whelton A.A, Brown M.T, Langford R.M, Hoeft A, Parlow J.L, Boyce S.W, Verburg K.M. Complications of the COX-2 inhibitors parecoxiband valdecoxib after cardiac surgery. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):1081-1091. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050330</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Solomon S.D, Mc Murray J.J, Pfeffer M.A, Wittes J, Fowler R, Finn P, Anderson W.F, Zauber A, Hawk E, Bertagnolli M. Adenoma Prevention with Celecoxib (APC) Study Investigators. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib in a clinical trial for colorectal adenoma prevention. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):1071-1080. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050405</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Bresalier R.S, Sandler R.S, Quan H, Bolognese J.A, Oxenius B, Horgan K, Lines C, Riddell R, Morton D, Lanas A, Konstam M.A, Baron J.A. Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on Vioxx (APPROVe) Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular events associated with rofecoxib in a colorectal adenoma chemoprevention trial. N Engl J Med. 2005;352(11):1092-1102. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa050493</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Back M, Yin L, Ingelsson E. Cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and cardiovascular risk in a nation - wide cohort study after the withdrawal of rofecoxib. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1928-1933. doi: 10.1093/eurheartj/ ehr421</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Kearney P.M, Baigent C, Godwin J, Halls H, Emberson J.R, Patrono C. Do selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors and traditional nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs increase the risk of atherothrombosis? Meta - analysis of randomised trials. BMJ. 2006;332(7553):1302-1308. doi: 10.1136/bmj.332.7553.1302</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Cannon C.P, Curtis S.P, Fitz Gerald G.A, Krum H, Kaur A, Bolognese J.A, Reicin A.S, Bombardier C, Weinblatt M.E, van der Heijde D, Erdmann E, Laine L; MEDAL Steering Committee. Cardiovascular outcomes with etoricoxib and diclofenac in patients with osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis in the Multinational Etoricoxib and Diclofenac Arthritis Long - term (MEDAL programme: a randomized comparison. Lancet. 2006;368(9549):1771-1781. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(06) 69666-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>ADAPT Research Group. Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events in the randomized, controlled Alzheimer’s Disease Anti - Inflammatory Prevention Trial (ADAPT). PLoS Clin Trials. 2006;1(7):e33. doi: 10.1371/journal.pctr.0010033</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Bhala N, Emberson J, Merhi A, Abramson S, Arber N, Baron J.A, Bombardier C, Cannon C, Farkouh M.E, Fitz Gerald G.A, Goss P, Halls H, Hawk E, Hawkey C, Hennekens C, Hochberg M, Holland L.E, Kearney P.M, Laine L, Lanas A, Lance P, Laupacis A, Oates J, Patrono C, Schnitzer T.J, Solomon S, Tugwell P, Wilson K, Wittes J, Baigent C. Coxib and traditional NSAID Trialists’ (CNT) Collaboration. Vascular and upper gastrointestinal effects of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs: meta - analyses of individual participant data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2013;382(9894):769-779. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60900-9</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Hirayama A, Tanahashi N, Daida H, Ishiguro N, Chachin M, Siguoka T. Assessing the Cardiovascular Risk Between Celecoxib and Nonselective Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis. Circ J. 2014;78(1):194-205. doi: 10.1253/circj.CJ-12-1573</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Rahme E, Watson D.J, Kong S.X, Toubouti Y, Le Lorier J. Association between nonnaproxen NSAIDs, COX-2 inhibitors and hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction among the elderly: a retrospective cohort study. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2007;16(5):493-503. doi: 10.1002/pds.1339</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Schjerning Olsen A.M, Fosbol E.L, Lindhardsen J, Folke F, Charlot M, Selmer C, Lamberts M, Bjerring Olesen J, Kober L, Hansen P.R, Torp-Pedersen C, Gislason G.H. Duration of treatment with nonsteroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and impact on risk of death and recurrent myocardial infarction in patients with prior myocardial infarction: a nationwide cohort study. Circulation. 2011;123(20):2226-2235. doi: 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.110.004671</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Sudano I, Flammer A.J, Roas S, Enseleit F, Noll G, Ruschitzka F. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, acetaminophen, and hypertension. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2012;14(4):304-309. doi: 10.1007/s11906-012-0274-7</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>White W.B, Schnitzer T.J, Fleming R, Duquesroix B, Beekman M. Effects of the cyclooxygenase inhibiting nitric oxide donator naproxcinod versus naproxen on systemic blood pressure in patients with osteoarthritis. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(6):840-845. doi: 10.1016/ j.amjcard.2009.05.014</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Dallob A, Hawkey C.J, Greenberg H.M, Wight N, De Schepper P, Waldman S, Wong P, DeTora L, Gertz B, Agrawal N, Wagner J, Gottesdiener K. Characterization of Etoricoxib, a Novel, Selective COX-2 Inhibitor. J Clin Pharmacol. 2003;43(6):573-585. doi: 10.1177/ 0091270003253703</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Kirkby N.S, Lundberg M.H, Harrington L.S, Leadbeater P.D, Milne G.L, Potter C.M, Al-Yamani M, Adeyemi O, Warner T.D, Mitchell J.A. Cyclooxygenase-1, not cyclooxygenase-2, is responsible for physiological production of prostacyclin in the cardiovascular system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2012;109(43):17597-17602. doi: 10.1073/pnas. 1209192109</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>St Germaine C.G, Bogaty P, Boyer L, Hanley J, Engert J.C, Brophy J.M. Genetic polymorphisms and the cardiovascular risk of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105(12):1740-1745. doi: 10.1016/j.amjcard.2010.01.352</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Shapiro M.S. An ion channel hypothesis to explain divergent cardiovascular safety of cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors: the answer to a hotly debated Puzzle? Mol Pharmacol. 2009;76:942-945. doi: 10.1124/ mol.109.059683</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Gunter B.R, Butler K.A, Wallace R.L, Smith S.M, Harirforoosh S. Non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug - induced cardiovascular adverse events: a meta - analysis. J Clin Pharm Ther. 2017;42:27-38. doi: 10.1111/jcpt.12484</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Agca R, Heslinga S.C, Rollefstad S, Heslinga M, Mc Innes I.B, Peters M.J.L, Kvien T.K, Dougados M, Radner H, Atzeni F, Primdahl J, Södergren A, Wallberg Jonsson S, van Rompay J, Zabalan C, Pedersen T.R, Jacobsson L, de Vlam K, Gonzalez-Gay M.A, Semb A.G, Kitas G.D, Smulders Y.M, Szekanecz Z, Sattar N, Symmons D.P.M, Nurmohamed M.T. EULAR recommendations for cardiovascular disease risk management in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and other forms of inflammatory joint disorders: 2015/2016 update. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;0:1-12. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2016-209775</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Horbach S.J, Lopes R.D, da C Guaragna J.C, Martini F, Mehta R.H, Petracco J.B, Bodanese L.C, Filho A.C, Cirenza C, de Paola A.A. NAFARM Investigators. Naproxen as prophylaxis against atrial fibrillation after cardiac surgery: the NAFARM randomized trial. Am J Med. 2011;124(11):1036-1042. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.07.026</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Goodson N.J, Brookhart A.M, Symmons D.P, Silman A.J, Solomon D.H. Non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drug use does not appear to be associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in patients with inflammatory polyarthritis: Results from a primary care based inception cohort of patients. Ann Rheum Dis. 2009;68(3):367-372. doi: 10.1136/ ard.2007.076760</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Lindhardsen J, Gislason G.H, Jacobsen S, Ahlehoff O, Olsen A.M.S, Madsen O.R, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen P.R. Non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and risk of cardiovascular disease in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a nationwide cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2014;73(8):1515-1521. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2012-203137</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>De Vecchis R, Baldi C, Di Biase G, Ariano C, Cioppa C, Giasi A, Valente L, Cantatrione S. Cardiovascular risk associated with celecoxib or etoricoxib: a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials which adopted comparison with placebo or naproxen. Minerva Cardioangiol. 2014;62(6):437-448. PubMed ID 25029569. http://www.minervamedica.it/en/journals/minerva-cardioangiologica/article.php?cod=R05 Y9999N00A 140053</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Mac Donald Т., Hawkey С, Ford I, et al. On behalf of SCOT investigators (The Standard Care versus Celecoxib Outcome Trial). BMJ Open. 2013;3:e002295. https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT00447759</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Nissen S.E, Yeomans N.D, Solomon D.H, Luscher T.F, et al. for the PRECISION Trial Investigators. Cardiovascular Safety of Celecoxib, Naproxen, or Ibuprofen for Arthritis. New Engl J Med. 2016. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1611593</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Regel A, Sepriano A, Baraliakos X, van der Heijde D, Braun J, Landewé R, van den Bosch F, Falzon L, Ramiro S. Efficacy and safety of non - pharmacological and non - biological pharmacological treatment: a systematic literature review informing the 2016 update of the ASAS/EULAR recommendations for the management of axial spondyloarthritis. RMD Open. 2017;3:e000397. doi: 10.1136/rmdopen-2016-000397</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Tsai W-C, Ou T-T, Yen J-H, Wu C-C, Tung Y-C. Long-Term Frequent Use of Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs Might Protect Patients with Ankylosing Spondylitis from Cardiovascular Diseases: A Nationwide Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE. 2015;10(5):e0126347. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0126347</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Ogdie A, Yu Y, Haynes K, Love T.J, et al. Risk of Major Cardiovascular Events in Patients with Psoriatic Arthritis, Psoriasis and Rheumatoid Arthritis: A population - based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015 Feb;74(2):326-332. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-205675</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Kristensen L.E, Jakobsen A.K, Askling J, et al. Safety of etoricoxib, celecoxib, and nonselective nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs in ankylosing spondylitis and other spondyloarthritis patients: a Swedish National Population - based Cohort Study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2015;67:1137-1149. doi: 10.1002 / acr.22555</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Trelle S, Reichenbach S, Wandel S, Hildebrand P, Tschannen B, Villiger P, et al. Cardiovascular safety of non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs: network meta - analysis. BMJ. 2011;342:c7086.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Roubille C, Richer V, Starnino T, Mc Court C, Mc Farlane A, Fleming P, Siu S, Kraft J, Lynde C, Pope J, Gulliver W, Keeling S, Dutz J, Bessette L, Bissonnette R, Haraoui B. The effects of tumour necrosis factor inhibitors, methotrexate, non - steroidal anti - inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids on cardiovascular events in rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Ann Rheum Dis. 2015;74:480-489. doi: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2014-206624</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Essers I, Stolwijk C, Boonen A, De Bruin M.L, Bazelier M.T, de Vries F, van Tubergen A. Ankylosing spondylitis and risk of ischaemic heart disease: a population - based cohort study. Ann Rheum Dis. 2016;75:203-209. doi: 10.1136 / annrheumdis-2014-206147</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Zhang Y.P, Gong Y, Zeng Q.Y, Hou Z.D, Xiao Z.Y. A long - term, observational cohort study on the safety of low - dose glucocorticoids in ankylosing spondylitis: adverse events and effects on bone mineral density, blood lipid and glucose levels and body mass index. BMJ Open. 2015;5:e006957. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2014-006957</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Tzu-Chieh Lin, Pharm B, Solomon D.H, Tedeschi S.K, Yoshida K, Yea-Huei Kao Yang. Comparative Risk of Cardiovascular Outcomes Between Topical and Oral Nonselective NSAIDs in Taiwanese Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis. Am Heart Assoc. 2017;6:006874. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.117.006874</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
