<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE root>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="review-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en"><front><journal-meta><journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-id><journal-title-group><journal-title xml:lang="en">Terapevticheskii arkhiv</journal-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Терапевтический архив</trans-title></trans-title-group></journal-title-group><issn publication-format="print">0040-3660</issn><issn publication-format="electronic">2309-5342</issn><publisher><publisher-name xml:lang="en">LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya</publisher-name></publisher></journal-meta><article-meta><article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">32763</article-id><article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.26442/terarkh20189084-12</article-id><article-categories><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en"><subject>Editorial article</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru"><subject>Передовая статья</subject></subj-group><subj-group subj-group-type="article-type"><subject>Review Article</subject></subj-group></article-categories><title-group><article-title xml:lang="en">Modern achievements in the diagnosis and treatment of the refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease</article-title><trans-title-group xml:lang="ru"><trans-title>Современные достижения в диагностике и лечении рефрактерной формы гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни</trans-title></trans-title-group></title-group><contrib-group><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Ivashkin</surname><given-names>V T</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Ивашкин</surname><given-names>Владимир Трофимович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф., акад. РАН, зав. каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней и директор Клиники пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии им. В.Х. Василенко, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Maev</surname><given-names>I V</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Маев</surname><given-names>Игорь Вениаминович</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>акад. РАН, д.м.н., проф., зав. каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней и гастроэнтерологии МГМСУ им. А.И. Евдокимова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Trukhmanov</surname><given-names>A S</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Трухманов</surname><given-names>Александр Сергеевич</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>д.м.н., проф. каф. пропедевтики внутренних болезней Первого МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова</p></bio><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib><contrib contrib-type="author"><name-alternatives><name xml:lang="en"><surname>Rumyantseva</surname><given-names>D E</given-names></name><name xml:lang="ru"><surname>Румянцева</surname><given-names>Диана Евгеньевна</given-names></name></name-alternatives><bio xml:lang="ru"><p>врач отделения гастроэнтерологии Клиники пропедевтики внутренних болезней, гастроэнтерологии и гепатологии им. В.Х. Василенко, Первый МГМУ им. И.М. Сеченова УКБ №2</p></bio><email>diana-ryazanceva@yandex.ru</email><xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/></contrib></contrib-group><aff-alternatives id="aff1"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation (Sechenov University)</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГАОУ ВО «Первый Московский государственный университет им. И.М. Сеченова» Минздрава России (Сеченовский Университет)</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><aff-alternatives id="aff2"><aff><institution xml:lang="en">A.I. Yevdokimov Moscow State University of Medicine and Dentistry, Ministry of Health of Russia</institution></aff><aff><institution xml:lang="ru">ФГБОУ ВО «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет им. А.И. Евдокимова» Минздрава России</institution></aff></aff-alternatives><pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2018-08-15" publication-format="electronic"><day>15</day><month>08</month><year>2018</year></pub-date><volume>90</volume><issue>8</issue><issue-title xml:lang="en">VOL 90, NO8 (2018)</issue-title><issue-title xml:lang="ru">ТОМ 90, №8 (2018)</issue-title><fpage>4</fpage><lpage>12</lpage><history><date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2020-04-11"><day>11</day><month>04</month><year>2020</year></date></history><permissions><copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; 2018, Consilium Medicum</copyright-statement><copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; 2018, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-statement><copyright-year>2018</copyright-year><copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Consilium Medicum</copyright-holder><copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">ООО "Консилиум Медикум"</copyright-holder><ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/"/><license><ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0</ali:license_ref></license></permissions><self-uri xlink:href="https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32763">https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32763</self-uri><abstract xml:lang="en"><p>Purpose of the review to present up-to-date data on the causes, methods of diagnosis and treatment of the refractory form of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Refractory GERD is the preservation of typical symptoms of the disease and/or incomplete healing of the esophageal mucosa against the background of taking a standard dose of proton pump inhibitors (PPI) once a day for 8 weeks. The reasons for the lack of response to the treatment are divided into related to the patient, related to therapy, and not related to GERD. Diagnostic approaches include x-ray examination of the esophagus and stomach, endoscopy with biopsy, 24-hour Impedance-pH monitoring, esophageal manometry. Depending on the reasons for the lack of response to the therapy, treatment may include lifestyle changes, doubling the dose of PPI, replacing PPI with another, adding H2-receptor antagonists, prokinetics, antacids, alginates and adsorbents. If conservative treatment is ineffective, it is possible to consider alternative methods, such as surgical treatment. Refractory GERD is a serious clinical problem. The absence of an answer to 8-week therapy with PPI requires a thorough differential diagnosis using additional examination methods. The identification of the causes of refractory to the therapy allows to optimize the approaches to its overcoming and to choose the optimal treatment.</p></abstract><trans-abstract xml:lang="ru"><p>Цель обзора - представить современные данные о причинах, методах диагностики и способах лечения рефрактерной формы гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни (ГЭРБ). Рефрактерная ГЭРБ - это сохранение типичных симптомов заболевания и/или неполное заживление слизистой оболочки пищевода на фоне приема стандартной дозы ингибиторов протонной помпы (ИПП) 1 раз в день в течение 8 нед. Причины отсутствия ответа на проводимое лечения делятся на связанные с пациентом, связанные с терапией, а также не имеющие связи с ГЭРБ. Диагностические подходы включают в себя проведение рентгенологического исследования пищевода и желудка, эзофагогастродуоденоскопии с биопсией, 24-часовой рН-импедансометрии, манометрии пищевода. В зависимости от причин отсутствия ответа на проводимую терапию, лечение может включать изменение образа жизни, удвоение дозы ИПП, замену ИПП на другой, добавление Н2-блокаторов гистаминовых рецепторов, прокинетиков, антацидов, альгинатов и адсорбентов. При неэффективности консервативного лечения возможно рассмотрение вопроса об альтернативных методах, таких как хирургическое лечение. Рефрактерное течение ГЭРБ представляет собой серьезную клиническую проблему. Отсутствие ответа на 8-недельную терапию ИПП требует проведения тщательной дифференциальной диагностики с применением дополнительных методов обследования. Выявление причин рефрактерности к проводимой терапии позволяет оптимизировать подходы к ее преодолению и выбирать оптимальную тактику лечения.</p></trans-abstract><kwd-group xml:lang="en"><kwd>gastroesophageal reflux disease</kwd><kwd>refractory symptoms</kwd><kwd>proton pump inhibitors</kwd></kwd-group><kwd-group xml:lang="ru"><kwd>гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь</kwd><kwd>рефрактерные симптомы</kwd><kwd>ингибиторы протонной помпы</kwd></kwd-group></article-meta></front><body></body><back><ref-list><ref id="B1"><label>1.</label><mixed-citation>Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Трухманов А.С., Баранская Е.К., Дронова О.Б., Зайратьянц О.В., Сайфутдинов Р.Г., Шептулин А.А., Лапина Т.Л., Пирогов С.С., Кучерявый Ю.А., Сторонова О.А., Андреев Д.Н. Клинические рекомендации Российской гастроэнтерологической ассоциации по диагностике и лечению гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017;27(4):75-95. doi: 10.22416/1382-4376-2017-27-4-75-95</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B2"><label>2.</label><mixed-citation>Трухманов А.С. Диагностика и лечение гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Терапевтический архив. 2011;83(8):44-48</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B3"><label>3.</label><mixed-citation>Vakil N, van Zanten S.V, Kahrilas P, Dent J, Jones R, and the Global Consensus Group. The Montreal Definition and Classification of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: A Global Evidence-Based Consensus. Am J Gastroenterol. 2006;101:1900-1920.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B4"><label>4.</label><mixed-citation>El-Serag H.B, Ergun G.A, Pandolfino J, Fitzgerald S, Tran T, Kramer J.R. Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56:749-755.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B5"><label>5.</label><mixed-citation>Ивашкин В.Т., Маев И.В., Трухманов А.С. Пищевод Баррета. В 2-х т. Москва: Издательство «Шико»; 2011. С. 608-624.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B6"><label>6.</label><mixed-citation>Bytzer P, van Zanten S.V, Mattsson H, Wernersson B. Partial symptomresponse to proton pump inhibitors in patients with nonerosive reflux disease or reflux oesophagitis - a post hoc analysis of 5796 patients. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36:635-643.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B7"><label>7.</label><mixed-citation>Cicala M, Emerenziani S, Guarino M.P, Ribolsi M. Proton pump inhibitor resistance, the real challenge in gastro - esophageal reflux disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(39):6529-6535.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B8"><label>8.</label><mixed-citation>Gunaratnam N.T, Jessup T.P, Inadomi J, Lascewski D.P. Sub - optimal proton pump inhibitor dosing is prevalent in patients with poorly controlled gastro - oesophageal reflux disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23:1473-14777.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B9"><label>9.</label><mixed-citation>Johnson D.A, Lauritsen K, Junghard O, Levine D. Evaluation of symptoms is an unreliable predictor of relapse of erosive esophagitis in patients receiving maintenance PPI therapy. Gastroenterology. 2003;124(4 Suppl 1):A540.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B10"><label>10.</label><mixed-citation>Fass R, Thomas S, Traxler B, Sostek M. Patient reported outcome of heartburn improvement: doubling the proton pump inhibitor (PPI) dose in patient who failed standard dose PPI vs. switching to a different PPI. Gastroenterology. 2004;146:A37.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B11"><label>11.</label><mixed-citation>Chey W.D, Inadomi J.M, Booher A.M, Sharma V.K, Fendrick A.M, Howden C.W. Primary - care physicians’ perceptions and practices on the management of GERD: results of a national survey. Am J Gastroenterol. 2005;100(6):1237-1242.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B12"><label>12.</label><mixed-citation>Yasuda S, Ohnishi A, Ogawa T, et al. Pharmacokinetic properties of E3810 a new proton pump ingibitor, in healthy male volunteers. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1994;32;466-473.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B13"><label>13.</label><mixed-citation>Boeckxstaens G.E. Alterations confined to the gastro - oesophageal junction: the relationship between low LOSP, TLOSRs, hiatus hernia and acid pocket. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2010;24:821-829.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B14"><label>14.</label><mixed-citation>Сhang P, Friedenberg F. Obesity and GERD. Gastroenterol Clin. 2014;43:161-173.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B15"><label>15.</label><mixed-citation>Kouklakis G, Moschos J, Kountouras J. Relationship between obesity and gastroesophageal reflux disease as recorded by 3-hour esophageal pH monitoring. Rom J Gastroenterol. 2005;14(2):117-121.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B16"><label>16.</label><mixed-citation>El-Serag H.B, Ergun G.A, Pandolfino J, Fitzgerald S, Tran T, Kramer J.R. Obesity increases oesophageal acid exposure. Gut. 2007;56:749-755.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B17"><label>17.</label><mixed-citation>Wu J.C, Lai L.H, Chow D.K, Wong G.L, Sung J.J, Chan F.K. Concomitant irritable bowel syndrome is associated with failure of step - down on - demand proton pump inhibitor treatment in patients with gastro - esophageal reflux disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2011;23(2):155-160.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B18"><label>18.</label><mixed-citation>Furuta T, Shirai N, Sugimoto M, Ohashi K, Ishizaki T. Pharmacogenomics of proton pump inhibitors. Pharmacogenomics. 2004;5(2):181-202.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B19"><label>19.</label><mixed-citation>Sim S.C, Risinger C, Dahl M.L, et al. A common novel CYP2C19 gene variant causes ultrarapid drug metabolism relevant for the drug response to proton pump inhibitors and antidepressants. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2006;79(1):103-113.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B20"><label>20.</label><mixed-citation>Furuta T, Sugimoto M, Kodaira C, et al. CYP2C19 genotype is associated with symptomatic recurrence of GORD during maintenance therapy with low - dose lansoprazole. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2009;65:693-698.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B21"><label>21.</label><mixed-citation>Serrano D, Torrado S, Torrado-Santiago S, Gisbert J.P. The influence of CYP2C19 Genetic polymorphism on the Pharmacokinetics/Pharmacodynamics of Proton Pump Inhibitor-Containing Helicobacter pylori treatment. Curr Drug Metab. 2012;13(9):1303-1312.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B22"><label>22.</label><mixed-citation>Евсютина Ю.В., Трухманов А.С. Новый взгляд на проблему гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни, рефрактерной к лечению ингибиторами протонной помпы. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2014;(5):4-9.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B23"><label>23.</label><mixed-citation>Lee Y.C, Lin J.T, Wang H.P, et al. Influence of cytochrome P450 2C19 genetic polymorphism and dosage of rabeprazole on accuracy of proton - pump inhibitor testing in Chinese patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2007;22(8):1286-1292.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B24"><label>24.</label><mixed-citation>Oestreich J.H, Best L.G, Dobesh P.P. Prevalence of CYP2C19 variant alleles and pharmacodynamic variability of aspirin and clopidogrel in Native Americans. Am Heart J. 2014;167(3):413-418.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B25"><label>25.</label><mixed-citation>Isomoto H, Inoue K, Kohno S. Interleukin-8 levels in esophageal mucosa and long - term clinical outcome of patients with reflux esophagitis. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42:410-411.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B26"><label>26.</label><mixed-citation>Евсютина Ю.В. Клинико - морфологические характеристики гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни, рефрактерной к лечению ингибиторами протонной помпы. Автореф. дис. … канд. мед. наук. 14.01.04 - внутренние болезни. Москва; 2015.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B27"><label>27.</label><mixed-citation>Mainie I, Tutuian R, Shay S, et al. Acid and nonacid reflux in patients with persistent symptoms despite acid suppressive therapy. A multicentre study using combined ambulatory impedance - pH monitoring. Gut. 2006 ;55:1398-1402. doi: 10.1136/gut.2005.087668</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B28"><label>28.</label><mixed-citation>Kunsch S, Neesse A, Linhart T, Nell C, Gress T.M, Ellenrieder V. Prospective evaluation of duodenogastroesophageal reflux in gastro - esophageal reflux disease patients refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy. Digestion. 2012;86(4):315-322.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B29"><label>29.</label><mixed-citation>Tavakkoli A, Sayed B.A, Talley N.J, Moshiree B. Acid and non - acid reflux in patients refractory to proton pump inhibitor therapy: is gastroparesis a factor? World J Gastroenterol. 2013;19(37):6193-6198.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B30"><label>30.</label><mixed-citation>Kudara N, Chiba T, Orii S, Suzuki K. Gastric emptying of patients with persistent reflux symptoms and erosive esophagitis under PPI therapy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2004;16:654.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B31"><label>31.</label><mixed-citation>Mirbagheri S.A, Sadeghi A, Amouie M, et al. Pyloric injection of botulinum toxin for the treatment of refractory GERD accompanied with gastroparesis: a preliminary report. Dig Dis Sci. 2008;53(10):2621-2626.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B32"><label>32.</label><mixed-citation>Yang L, Lu X, Nossa C.W, Francois F, Peek R.M, Pei Z. Inflammation and intestinal metaplasia of the distal esophagus are associated with alterations in the microbiome. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:588-597.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B33"><label>33.</label><mixed-citation>Calatayud S, Garcia-Zaragoza E, Hernandez C, Quintana E, Felipo V, Esplugues J.V, et al. Downregulation of nNOS and synthesis of PGs associated with endotoxin - induced delay in gastric emptying. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2002;283:G1360-G1367.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B34"><label>34.</label><mixed-citation>Ивашкин В.Т., Трухманов А.С. Эволюция представлений о роли нарушений двигательной функции пищевода в патогенезе гастроэзофагеальной рефлюксной болезни. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2010;27(2):13-19.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B35"><label>35.</label><mixed-citation>Маев И.В., Самсонов А.А., Андреев Д.Н. Роль и место антацидов в современных алгоритмах терапии кислотозависимых заболеваний. Фарматека. 2013;(2):66-72.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B36"><label>36.</label><mixed-citation>Humphries T.J, Galmiche J.P, Avasthy N. Rabeprazole is as effective as omeprazole in normalising esophageal acid exposure. Am J Gastroenterol. 1999;94:A2587. Abstract.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B37"><label>37.</label><mixed-citation>Pace F, Pallotta S, Casalini S, Porro G.B. A review of rabeprazole in the treatment of acid - related diseases. Ther Clin Risk Manag. 2007 Jun;3(3):363-379.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B38"><label>38.</label><mixed-citation>Евсютина Ю.В., Трухманов А.С. Недостаточный ответ на терапию ингибиторами протонного насоса: причины и тактика ведения пациентов. Терапевтический архив. 2015; 87(2):85-89.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B39"><label>39.</label><mixed-citation>Пасечников В.Д. Ключи к выбору оптимального ингибитора протонной помпы для терапии кислотозависимых заболеваний. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2004;(3):32-39.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B40"><label>40.</label><mixed-citation>Pantoflickova D, Dorta G, Ravic M, Jornod P, Blum A.L. Acid inhibition on the first day of dosing: comparison of four proton pump inhibitors. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003 Jun 15;17(12):1507-1514.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B41"><label>41.</label><mixed-citation>Aziz Q, Fass R, Gyawali Prakash C, et al. Esophageal disorders. Gastroenterology. 2016;150:1368-1379.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B42"><label>42.</label><mixed-citation>Шептулин А.А., Кайбышева В.О. Функциональная изжога и гиперчувствительность пищевода к рефлюксу (По материалам Римских критериев функциональных заболеваний пищевода IV пересмотра). Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2017;27(2):13-18.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B43"><label>43.</label><mixed-citation>Mermelstein J, Mermelstein A.C, Chait M.M. Proton pump inhibitor - refractory gastroesophageal reflux disease: challenges and solutions. Clin Exper Gastroenterol. 2018;11:119-134.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B44"><label>44.</label><mixed-citation>Blaser M.J, Theodore E. Woodward Award: Global Warming and the Human Stomach: Microecology Follows Macroecology. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc. 2005;116:65-76.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B45"><label>45.</label><mixed-citation>Ahmed N, Sechi L.A. Helicobacter pylori and gastroduodenal pathology: New threats of the old friend. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob. 2005;4:1.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B46"><label>46.</label><mixed-citation>Nayoung Kim, Lee S.W, Kim J.I, et al. Effect of Helicobacter pylori Eradication on the Development of Reflux Esophagitis and Gastroesophageal Reflux Symptoms: A Nationwide Multi-Center Prospective Study. Gut Liver. 2011 Dec;5(4):437-446.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B47"><label>47.</label><mixed-citation>Диагностика и лечение инфекции Helicobacter pylori - отчет согласительной конференции Маастрихт IV/Флоренция. Вестник практического врача. 2012;Спецвыпуск 1:6-22.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B48"><label>48.</label><mixed-citation>Fass R, Shapiro M, Dekel R, Sewell J. Systematic review: proton - pump inhibitor failure in gastro - oesophageal reflux disease - where next? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2005;22(2):79-94.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B49"><label>49.</label><mixed-citation>Evsyutina Y.V, Trukhmanov A.S, Ivashkin V.T. Family case of achalasia cardia: Case report and review of literature. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(4):1114-1118.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B50"><label>50.</label><mixed-citation>Boeckxstaens G, El-Serag H.B, Smout A.J, Kahrilas P.J. Symptomatic reflux disease: the present, the past and the future. Gut. 2014;63(7):1185-1193.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B51"><label>51.</label><mixed-citation>Pohl D, Tutuian R. Reflux monitoring: pH-metry, Bilitec and oesophageal impedance measurements. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol. 2009;23(3):299-331.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B52"><label>52.</label><mixed-citation>Mainie I, Tutuian R, Castell D.O. Addition of a H2 receptor antagonist to PPI improves acid control and decreases nocturnal acid breakthrough. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2008;42(6):676-679.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B53"><label>53.</label><mixed-citation>Rackoff A, Agrawal A, Hila A, Mainie I, Tutuian R, Castell D.O. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists at night improve gastroesophageal reflux disease symptoms for patients on proton pump inhibitor therapy. Dis Esophagus. 2005;18(6):370-373.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B54"><label>54.</label><mixed-citation>Кайбышева В.О., Трухманов А.С., Ивашкин В.Т. Гастроэзофагеальная рефлюксная болезнь, резистентная к терапии ингибиторами протонной помпы. Российский журнал гастроэнтерологии, гепатологии, колопроктологии. 2011;21(4):4-13.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B55"><label>55.</label><mixed-citation>Ren L.H, Chen W.X, Qian L.J, Li S, Gu M, Shi R.H. Addition of prokinetics to PPI therapy in gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta - analysis. World J Gastroenterol. 2014;20(9):2412-2419.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B56"><label>56.</label><mixed-citation>Li S, Shi S, Chen F, Lin J. The effects of baclofen for the treatment of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta - analysis of randomized controlled trials. Gastroenterol Res Pract. 2014;2014:307805.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B57"><label>57.</label><mixed-citation>Besancon M, Simon A, Sachs G, Shin J.M. Sites of reaction of the gastric H,K-ATPase with extracytoplasmic thiol reagents. J Biol Chem. 1997;272(36):22438-22446.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B58"><label>58.</label><mixed-citation>Sarosiek I, Olyaee M, Majewski M, et al. Significant Increase of Esophageal Mucin Secretion in Patients with Reflux Esophagitis After Healing with Rabeprazole: Its Esophagoprotective Potential. Dig Dis Sci. 2009;54:2137-2142.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B59"><label>59.</label><mixed-citation>Katz P.O, Gerson L.B, Vela M.F. Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108:308.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B60"><label>60.</label><mixed-citation>Jafri S.M, Arora G, Triadafilopoulos G. What is left of the endoscopic antireflux devices? Curr Opin Gastroenterol. 2009;25:352.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B61"><label>61.</label><mixed-citation>Triadafilopoulos G, Di Blaise J.K, Nostrant T.T, et al. Long - term experience with the Stretta procedure for the treatment of GERD: 6 and 12 month follow - up of the US open label trial. Program and abstracts of Digestive Disease Week 2001; May 20-23, 2001; Atlanta, Georgia.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B62"><label>62.</label><mixed-citation>Utely D.S, Kim M.S, Vierra M.A, et al. Augmentation of lower esophageal sphincter pressure and gastric yield pressure after radiofrequency energy delivery to the gastroesophageal junction: a porcine model. Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:81-86.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B63"><label>63.</label><mixed-citation>Mason R.J, Demeester T.R, Schurr M.O, et al. Per oral endoscopic Nissen fundoplication: the introduction of a new era. Program and abstracts of Digestive Disease Week 2001; May 20-23, 2001; Atlanta, Georgia. [ASGE Abstract #736].</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B64"><label>64.</label><mixed-citation>Scarpellini E, Ang D, Pauwels A, De Santis A, Vanuytsel T, Tack J. Management of refractory typical GERD symptoms. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;13(5):281-294.</mixed-citation></ref><ref id="B65"><label>65.</label><mixed-citation>Skubleny D, Switzer N.J, Dang J, et al. LINX(®) magnetic esophageal sphincter augmentation versus Nissen fundoplication for gastroesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review and meta - analysis. Surg Endosc. 2017;31(8):3078-3084.</mixed-citation></ref></ref-list></back></article>
