Terapevticheskii arkhivTerapevticheskii arkhivТерапевтический архив0040-36602309-5342LLC Obyedinennaya Redaktsiya3222510.17116/terarkh201789291-98Editorial articleПередовая статьяResearch ArticleNonalcoholic fatty liver disease: What do we know and what will we have to learn?Неалкогольная жировая болезнь печени: что мы знаем и что предстоит узнатьVolkovaN IВолковаН ИPorksheyanM IПоркшеянМ ИРостовский государственный медицинский университет Минздрава России15022017892VOL 89, NO2 ()ТОМ 89, №2 (2017)919810042020Copyright ©; 2017, Consilium MedicumCopyright ©; 2017, ООО "Консилиум Медикум"2017Consilium MedicumООО "Консилиум Медикум"https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0https://ter-arkhiv.ru/0040-3660/article/view/32225

The article reviews relevant data on the prevalence, natural history, pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and critically assesses the fixed notion of this disease.

Аннотация В статье приведен обзор актуальных данных, касающихся распространенности, естественного течения, патогенеза, диагностики и лечения неалкогольной жировой болезни печени, а также дана критическая оценка устоявшихся представлений о данном заболевании.

nonalcoholic fatty liver diseasepseudoalcoholic hepatitisfatty hepatitissteatorrhoeic hepatosisdiabetic hepatitisнеалкогольная жировая болезнь печенипсевдоалкогольный гепатитжировой гепатитжировой гепатоздиабетический гепатитWilliams CD, Stengel J, Asike MI et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis among a largely middle-aged population utilizing ultrasound and liver biopsy: a prospective study. Gastroenterology. 2011;140:124. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2010.09.038Vernon G, Baranova A, Younossi ZM. Systematic review: the epidemiology and natural history of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in adults. Aliment. Pharmacol Ther. 2011;4:274. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04724.xLazo M, Hernaez R, Eberhardt MS et al. Prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in the United States: the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1988-1994. Am J Epidemiol. 2013;178:38. doi:10.1093/aje/kws448Ludwig J, Viggiano TR, McGill DB, Oh BJ. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: Mayo Clinic experiences with a hitherto unnamed disease. Mayo Clin Proc. 1980;55:434. doi:10.1016/s0025-6196(11)64621-1Lee RG. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a study of 49 patients. Hum Pathol. 1989;20:594. doi:10.1016/0046-8177(89)90249-9Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R et al. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology. 1990;11:74. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2004.02.013Diehl AM, Goodman Z, Ishak KG. Alcohollike liver disease in nonalcoholics. A clinical and histologic comparison with alcohol-induced liver injury. Gastroenterology. 1988;95:1056. doi:10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.02748.xBacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103. doi:10.1016/0270-9139(95)90482-4Marchesini G, Bugianesi E, Forlani G et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver, steatohepatitis, and the metabolic syndrome. Hepatology. 2003;37:917. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50161Wanless IR, Lentz JS. Fatty liver hepatitis (steatohepatitis) and obesity: an autopsy study with analysis of risk factors. Hepatology. 1990;12:1106. doi:10.1002/hep.1840120505Marchesini G, Brizi M, Morselli-Labate AM et al. Association of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with insulin resistance. Am J Med. 1999;107:450. doi:10.1016/s0002-9343(99)00271-5Cello JP, Grendell JH. The liver in systemic conditions. In: Hepatology. Zakim D, Boyer TD, eds. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1990:1428. doi:10.1016/0270-9139(91)90240-vPinto HC, Baptista A, Camilo ME et al. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clinicopathological comparison with alcoholic hepatitis in ambulatory and hospitalized patients. Dig Dis Sci. 1996;41:172. doi:10.1007/bf02208601Itoh S, Yougel T, Kawagoe K. Comparison between nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and alcoholic hepatitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 1987;82:650. doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.2008.00755.xFracanzani AL, Valenti L, Bugianesi E et al. Risk of severe liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with normal aminotransferase levels: a role for insulin resistance and diabetes. Hepatology. 2008;48:792. doi:10.1002/hep.22429Naga Chalasani, Zobair Younossi, Joel E. Lavine, Anna Mae Diehl, Elizabeth M. Brunt, Kenneth Cusi, Michael Charlton, Arun J. Sanyal. The Diagnosis and Management of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Practice Guideline by the American Association or the Study of Liver Diseases, American College of Gastroenterology, and the American Gastroenterological Association. Am J Gastroenterol. 2012;107:811-826. doi:10.1038/ajg.2012.128White DL, Kanwal F, El-Serag HB. Association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and risk for hepatocellular cancer, based on systematic review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:1342. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.10.001Argo CK, Northup PG, Al-Osaimi AM, Caldwell SH. Systematic review of risk factors for fibrosis progression in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Hepatol. 2009;51:371. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2009.03.019Angulo P, Keach JC, Batts KP, Lindor KD. Independent predictors of liver fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology. 1999;30:1356. doi:10.1002/hep.510300604Ratziu V, Giral P, Charlotte F et al. Liver fibrosis in overweight patients. Gastroenterology. 2000;118:1117. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(00)70364-7Noureddin M, Yates KP, Vaughn IA et al. Clinical and histological determinants of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis and advanced fibrosis in elderly patients. Hepatology. 2013;58:1644. doi:10.1002/hep.26465Hossain N, Afendy A, Stepanova M et al. Independent predictors of fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:1224. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2009.06.007Francque SM, Verrijken A, Mertens I et al. Noninvasive assessment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in obese or overweight patients. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:1162. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2012.06.019Matteoni CA, Younossi ZM, Gramlich T et al. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a spectrum of clinical and pathological severity. Gastroenterology. 1999;116:1413. doi:10.1016/s0016-5085(99)70506-8Petta S, Amato MC, Di Marco V et al. Visceral adiposity index is associated with significant fibrosis in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;35:238. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2011.04929.xMolloy JW, Calcagno CJ, Williams CD et al. Association of coffee and caffeine consumption with fatty liver disease, nonalcoholic steatohepatitis, and degree of hepatic fibrosis. Hepatology. 2012;55:429. doi:10.1002/hep.24731Lazo M, Hernaez R, Bonekamp S et al. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and mortality among US adults: prospective cohort study. BMJ. 2011;343:d6891. doi:10.1136/bmj.d6891Ekstedt M, Franzén LE, Mathiesen UL et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with NAFLD and elevated liver enzymes. Hepatology. 2006;44:865. doi:10.1002/hep.21327Rafiq N, Bai C, Fang Y et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;7:234. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.11.005Ong JP, Pitts A, Younossi ZM. Increased overall mortality and liver-related mortality in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Hepatol. 2008;49:608. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2008.06.018Söderberg C, Stål P, Askling J et al. Decreased survival of subjects with elevated liver function tests during a 28-year follow-up. Hepatology. 2010;51:595. doi:10.1002/hep.23314Stepanova M, Younossi ZM. Independent association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and cardiovascular disease in the US population. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2012;10:646. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2011.12.039Bacon BR, Farahvash MJ, Janney CG, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: an expanded clinical entity. Gastroenterology. 1994;107:1103. doi:10.1016/0270-9139(95)90482-4Fracanzani AL, Valenti L, Bugianesi E et al. Risk of severe liver disease in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease with normal aminotransferase levels: a role for insulin resistance and diabetes. Hepatology. 2008;48:792. doi:10.1002/hep.22429Mofrad P, Contos MJ, Haque M et al. Clinical and histologic spectrum of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with normal ALT values. Hepatology. 2003;37:1286. doi:10.1053/jhep.2003.50229Диагностика и лечение неалкогольной жировой болезни печени. Методические рекомендации для врачей. Под ред. Ивашкина В.Т. 2015.Kowdley KV, Belt P, Wilson LA et al. Serum ferritin is an independent predictor of histologic severity and advanced fibrosis in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2012;55:77. doi:10.1002/hep.24706Pimentel CF, Jiang ZG, Otsubo T, Feldbrügge L, Challies TL, Nasser I, Robson S, Afdhal N, Lai M. Poor Inter-test Reliability Between CK18 Kits as a Biomarker of NASH. Dig Dis Sci. 2015 Oct 13. doi:10.1007/s10620-015-3916-1Hernaez R, Lazo M, Bonekamp S et al. Diagnostic accuracy and reliability of ultrasonography for the detection of fatty liver: a meta-analysis. Hepatology. 2011;54:1082. doi:10.1002/hep.24452Rofsky NM, Fleishaker H. CT and MRI of diffuse liver disease. Semin Ultrasound. CT MR 1995;16:16. doi:10.1016/0887-2171(95)90012-8Froehlich F, Lamy O, Fried M, Gonvers JJ. Practice and complications of liver biopsy. Results of a nationwide survey in Switzerland. Dig Dis Sci. 1993;38:1480. doi:10.1007/bf01308607Dunn W, Angulo P, Sanderson S et al. Utility of a new model to diagnose an alcohol basis for steatohepatitis. Gastroenterology. 2006;131:1057. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2006.08.020Food Drug Administration. Accessed July 29, 2015. Available et: http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/cdrh_docs/pdf12/K123806.pdfKoplay M, Sivri M, Erdogan H, Nayman A. Importance of imaging and recent developments in diagnosis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(5):769-776. doi:10.4254/wjh.v7.i5.769Parkes J, Guha IN, Roderick P, Rosenberg W. Performance of serum marker panels for liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C. J Hepatol. 2006;44:462. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2005.10.019Kleiner DE, Brunt EM, Van Natta M et al. Design and validation of a histological scoring system for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology. 2005;41:1313. doi:10.1002/hep.20701Andersen T, Gluud C, Franzmann MB, Christoffersen P. Hepatic effects of dietary weight loss in morbidly obese subjects. J Hepatol. 1991;12:224. doi:10.1016/0168-8278(91)90942-5Athyros VG, Tziomalos K, Gossios TD et al. Safety and efficacy of long-term statin treatment for cardiovascular events in patients with coronary heart disease and abnormal liver tests in the Greek Atorvastatin and Coronary Heart Disease Evaluation (GREACE) Study: a post-hoc analysis. Lancet. 2010;376:1916. doi:10.12968/bjca.2011.6.2.94aRakoski MO, Singal AG, Rogers MA, Conjeevaram H. Meta-analysis: insulin sensitizers for the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2010; 32:1211. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04467.xMerat S, Malekzadeh R, Sohrabi MR et al. Probucol in the treatment of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blind randomized controlled study. J Hepatol. 2003;38:414. doi:10.1016/s0168-8278(02)00441-5Zelber-Sagi S, Kessler A, Brazowsky E et al. A double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trial of orlistat for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:639. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.02.004Harrison SA, Fecht W, Brunt EM, Neuschwander-Tetri BA. Orlistat for overweight subjects with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: A randomized, prospective trial. Hepatology. 2009;49:80. doi:10.1002/hep.22575Abdelmalek MF, Sanderson SO, Angulo P et al. Betaine for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: results of a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2009;50:1818. doi:10.1002/hep.23239Dufour JF, Oneta CM, Gonvers JJ et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid with vitamin e in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;4:1537. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2006.09.025Pietu F, Guillaud O, Walter T et al. Ursodeoxycholic acid with vitamin E in patients with nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: long-term results. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2012;36:146. doi:10.1016/j.clinre.2011.10.011Leuschner UF, Lindenthal B, Herrmann G et al. High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid therapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2010; 52:472. doi:10.1002/hep.23727Foster T, Budoff MJ, Saab S et al. Atorvastatin and antioxidants for the treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: the St Francis Heart Study randomized clinical trial. Am J Gastroenterol. 2011;106:71. doi:10.1038/ajg.2010.299Zein CO, Yerian LM, Gogate P et al. Pentoxifylline improves nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hepatology. 2011;54:1610. doi:10.1002/hep.24544Parker HM, Johnson NA, Burdon CA et al. Omega-3 supplementation and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Hepatol. 2012;56:944. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2011.08.018Safadi R, Konikoff FM, Mahamid M et al. The fatty acid-bile acid conjugate Aramchol reduces liver fat content in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:2085. doi:10.1016/j.cgh.2014.04.038Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Loomba R, Sanyal AJ et al. Farnesoid X nuclear receptor ligand obeticholic acid for non-cirrhotic, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (FLINT): a multicentre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;385:956. doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(14)61933-4Mavin Macauley, Kieren G. Hollingsworth, Fiona E. Smith, Peter E. Thelwall, Ahmad Al-Mrabeh, Anja Schweizer, James E. Foley, Roy Taylor. Effect of Vildagliptin on Hepatic Steatosis. Jcem.endojournals.org. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100(4): 1578-1585. doi:10.1210/jc.2014-3794