Неравная экспрессия родительских аллелей в плаценте человека

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Аннотация

Неравная экспрессия родительских аллелей играет основополагающую роль в формировании плаценты как многофункционального органа, необходимого для развития и выживания плода. В первую очередь это выражается в феномене импринтинга, когда в клетках плаценты экспрессируется только материнский или отцовский аллель. Плацента использует более широкий спектр механизмов импринтинга, чем эмбрион, – модификации гистонов, подавляющие или, наоборот, активирующие экспрессию рядом расположенных генов; регуляторные последовательности и гены, полученные от ретровирусов или ретротранспозонов; микроРНК, функционирующие как антисмысловые РНК и принимающие участие в транскрипционной и посттранскрипционной регуляции экспрессии генов. Кроме того, в плаценте обнаруживается неполное подавление активности одного из родительских аллелей, приводящее к смещенной импринтированной экспрессии некоторых генов. В настоящем обзоре показана роль неравной экспрессии родительских аллелей в развитии плацентарных структур эмбриона, обсуждены механизмы эпигенетического контроля родительских аллелей, преимущественно экспрессирующихся в плаценте.

Об авторах

Е. А. Саженова

Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук

Автор, ответственный за переписку.
Email: elena.sazhenova@medgenetics.ru
Россия, 634050, Томск

С. А. Васильев

Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук

Email: elena.sazhenova@medgenetics.ru
Россия, 634050, Томск

И. Н. Лебедев

Научно-исследовательский институт медицинской генетики, Томский национальный исследовательский медицинский центр Российской академии наук

Email: elena.sazhenova@medgenetics.ru
Россия, 634050, Томск

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